யூதம்: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு
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"Judaism" பக்கத்தை மொழிபெயர்த்ததன் மூலம் உருவாக்கப்பட்டது |
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வரிசை 1:
[[படிமம்:Judaica.jpg|thumb|283x283px|ஜூடய்கா (Judaica) (மேல் இருந்து வலஞ்சுழியாக): [[ஓய்வு நாள் (யூதம்)]] மெழுகுதிரி நிலைச்சட்டம், கையை கழுவும் கிண்ணம், உலக மொழிகள் (கட்டுரைகள் மற்றும் [[டனாக்]], தோரா (Torah) சுட்டிக்காட்டி, [[ஷோபார்]] மற்றும் எட்ராக் (etrog) பெட்டி]]
[[படிமம்:Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_à_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communauté_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Musée_d'Art_et_d'Histoire_du_Judaïsme.jpg|thumb|வெள்ளி பெட்டிக்குள், கையால் எழுதப்பட்ட தோரா புத்தகம். யூத கலை மற்றும் வரலாறு அருங்காட்சியகம், பிரான்சு நாட்டின் தலை நகரம், பாரிஸ்.]]
'''யூதம்''' (தொடக்கத்தில், [[எபிரேயம்|எபிரேய மொழியில்]] יהודה, யஹூதா (Yehudah) [[யூத அரசு|யூதம்]], என்ற சொல், கிரேக்க மொழியில் Ἰουδαϊσμός எனப்பட்டது. [[இலத்தீன்]] மொழியில் லுதாயிஸ்மஸ் (Iudaismus) என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.
[[எபிரேயம்|எபிரேயத்தில்]]: יהדות{{Hebrew|יהדות}}, யூதேய [[இனக் குழு]] தனித்துவப் பண்புகள்) [[ஆபிரகாமிய சமயங்கள்]], [[ஒரு கடவுட் கொள்கை]] உடையவை. இவை [[தோரா]]<nowiki/>வை அதன் அடித்தளமாகக் கொண்டிள்ளன. [[டனாக்]] அல்லது [[எபிரேய வேதாகமம்|எபிரேய வேதாகம]] பெரிய உரையில் இது ஒரு பகுதியாகும். மேலும், இது மிட்ராஷ் மற்றும் [[தல்மூத்]] போன்ற நூல்களின் பாரம்பரியம் வாய்வழி தொகுப்பாக உள்ளது. இது [[யூதர்]]<nowiki/>களுடைய, [[சமயம்]], [[மெய்யியல்]], [[பண்பாடு]] மற்றும் வழிமுறை ஆகியவற்றை உள்ளடக்கியது ஆகும். யூதர்கள். கடவுள் [[இசுரயேலர்|இசுரயேல குழந்தைகளான]] தங்களுன் தற்காப்புக் கட்டுத்தளை உடன்படிக்கை உறவு கொண்டுள்ளதாக கருதுகிறார்கள்.
உலகம் முழுவதும் 14.5 மற்றும் 17.4 மில்லியன் ஆதரவாளர்கள் கொண்ட பத்தாவது [[பெரிய சமயக் குழுக்கள்|பெரிய சமயக் குழுவாக]] யூதம் இருக்கிறது.
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யூதேயம் என்பது, நூல்கள், நடைமுறைகள், இறையியல் நிலைகள் மற்றும் அமைப்பின் வடிவங்கள் ஆகியவற்றை உள்ளடக்கியதாகும். யூத மதத்திற்குள் பல்வேறு இயக்கங்கள் உள்ளன. அவற்றில் பெரும்பாலானவை [[யூதக் குருசார் யூதம்|யூதக் குருசார் யூதத்திலிருந்து]] வெளிவந்தன. எழுதப்பட்ட மற்றும் வாய்வழி [[தோரா]]<nowiki/>வின் வடிவத்தில் கடவுள் [[விவிலிய சீனாய் மலை]] மீது [[மோசே|மோஸசுக்கு]] அவருடைய சட்டங்களையும், [[613 கட்டளைகள்|கட்டளைகளையும்]] வெளிப்படுத்தினார் என்று கூறுகிறது.
வரலாற்று ரீதியாக, இரண்டாம் சன்னிதிக் காலத்தில், [[சதுசேயர்]]<nowiki/>கள் மற்றும் அலெக்ஸாண்டர் காலத்துக்குப்பின் ஏற்பட்ட அயற்கலப்பு மிகுந்த நிலையுடைய கிரேக்க இனமொழிப் பண்பாட்டு
யூதர்கள் போன்ற பல்வேறு குழுக்களால் தோரா சவாலாகக் கருதப்பட்டது. ஆரம்ப, இடை மற்றும் கடைக் காலங்களில் [[மறைநூல் வாசிப்பவர் யூதம்|மறைநூல் வாசிப்போரும்]], சப்பாத்தியர்களும், [[தோரா]]<nowiki/>வுக்கு சவாலாக அமைந்தனர். நவீன அல்லாத கட்டுப்பாடான துறைகள் பகுதிகள் மத்தியில் இது ஒரு சவாலாகும்.
[[மனித நல யூதம்]]
யூதமதத்தின் நவீன கிளையாகும். இது கடவுள் எதிர்க் கொள்கையை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டதாகும்.
நவீன யூதமதத்தின் கிளைகள் பின்வருமாறு:
<nowiki>*</nowiki> மனிதநேய யூதம்
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[மரபுவழி யூதம்|மரபுவழி யூதம்<br>
<nowiki>*</nowiki> நெறி வழுவா யூதம்<br>
]]* தற்கால மரபுவழி யூதம்
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[பழமை விரும்பும் யூதம்|பழமை விரும்பும் யூதம்<br>
<nowiki>*</nowiki> சீர்திருத்த யூதம்]]. போன்றவை.
இந்த குழுக்களுக்கு இடையில் உள்ள முக்கிய வேறுபாடுகள்:
<nowiki>*</nowiki>யூத சட்டத்தை அவர்கள் அணுகும் முறை
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ரப்பீனிய பாரம்பரியத்தின் அதிகாரம்
<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[இசுரேல்]] அரசின் முக்கியத்துவம் போன்றவை.
[[பழமை விரும்பும் யூதம்|மரபுவழி யூதமாஅது]], [[தோரா]] யூத சட்டங்கள் தீர்க்கமானவை, யூதர்கள் தெய்வீகமானவர்கள், யூதம் நித்தியமானது, யூதம் மாற்ற முடியாதது, யூதம் நிலைபேறுடையது, யூத கொள்கைகளை அனைவரும் பின்பற்ற வேண்டும் என்று கூறுகிறது. பழமை விரும்புகிற மற்றும் சீர்திருத்த யூதம் என்பது மிகவும் தாராளமயமானது.
யூத மதத்தின் தேவைகளுக்கு, பழமை விரும்புகிற யூதம், சீர்திருத்த யூதாயிஸத்தை விட அதிக அளவு "பாரம்பரிய" விளக்கம் அளித்து ஊக்குவிக்கிறது. சீர்திருத்தங்களின் அடிப்படையில், யூத சட்டத்தை பொது வழிகாட்டுதலின் தொகுப்பாக பார்க்க வேண்டும். அனைத்து யூதர்களுக்கும் உரிய கட்டுப்பாடுகள் மற்றும் கடமைகளின் தொகுப்பாக மட்டுமே கருதக் கூடாது. வரலாற்று ரீதியாக, சிறப்பு நீதிமன்றங்கள் யூத சட்டத்தை நடைமுறைப்படுத்தின. தற்கால நீதிமன்றங்கள் யூத மதத்தின் சட்டங்களை தன்னார்வ அடிப்படையில் செயல்படுத்துகின்றன. இறையியல் மற்றும் சட்ட விவகாரங்கள் குறித்த அதிகாரத்தை எந்த ஒரு நபரோ அல்லது நிறுவனமோ தன் உடைமையாக்கிக்கொள்ள முடியாது. புனித நூல்கள் மற்றும் யூதசட்ட வித்தகர்கள், யூதகுருக்கள் மற்றும் யூத அறிஞர்கள் ஆகியோர், சட்ட விளக்கம் மற்றும் பயன்பாடுகளை விளக்குகின்றார்கள்.
யூத மதத்தின் வரலாறு 3,000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு மேலாகப் பரவியுள்ளது.<ref name="MINDELL2009">{{cite book|author=David P Mindell|title=The Evolving World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8kA6eaz7hsC&pg=PA224|date=30 June 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04108-0|page=224}}</ref>
[[வெண்கலக் காலம்|வெண்கலக் காலத்தில்]], [[மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகள்|மத்திய கிழக்கு நாடுகளில்]], [[யூதம்]] ஒரு கட்டமைக்கப்பட்ட மதமாக வேரூன்றியது.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml|title=History of Judaism until 164 BCE|work=History of Judaism|publisher=BBC}}</ref> [[யூதம்]], [[ஒரு கடவுட் கொள்கை]] கொண்ட பழமை வாய்ந்த மதங்களில் ஒன்றாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/themes/religion/ Religion: Three Religions, One God] PBS</ref>
[[எபிரேயர்]] மற்றும் [[இசுரயேலர்]]<nowiki/>களைக் குறிக்கும் விதம்:
<nowiki>*</nowiki> தனக் (Tanakh) புத்தகத்தில், [[யூதர்கள்]].
<nowiki>*</nowiki> எஸ்தர் (Esther), புத்தகத்தில், யூதர்கள்.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> மற்ற புத்தகங்களில் [[யூதர்கள்]]
என்ற வார்த்தைக்குப் பதிலாக "இஸ்ரேல் நாட்டின் குழந்தைகள்".
யூத மதத்தின் நூல்கள், மரபுகள் மற்றும் மதிப்புகளால் வசப்படுத்தப்பட்ட பிற மதங்கள்:
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[ஆபிரகாமிய சமயங்கள்|ஆபிரகாமிய சமயங்கள்<br>
]]* [[கிறிஸ்தவம்]]
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[இசுலாம்]]
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[பகாய் சமயம்]].
யூத மதத்தின் பல அம்சங்களும் நேரடியாகவோ அல்லது மறைமுகமாகவோ மதச்சார்பற்ற மேற்கத்திய [[நன்னெறி|நன்னெறிகளையும்]], சிவில் சட்டங்களையும் தாக்கின.{{page needed|date=July 2017}} ஹீப்ராயிசம் முக்கிய காரணியாகக் கருதப்படக் காரணங்கள்:
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[மேற்கத்திய நாகரிகம்]], ஹெலனிஸமாக [[வளர்ச்சி]] அடைந்தது
<nowiki>*</nowiki> யூதவிய [[வளர்ச்சி]]
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[கிறிஸ்தவம்|கிறிஸ்தவத்தின்]] தாய் மதம்
<nowiki>*</nowiki> கிறிஸ்தவ சகாப்தத்தில் மேற்கத்திய இலட்சியங்கள் மற்றும் அறநெறிகள் கணிசமாக வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டன.<ref name="Cambridge University Historical Series">Cambridge University Historical Series, ''An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects'', p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.</ref>
யூதர்கள் சாதி ஒழிப்புக் குழுவைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள். யூதர்களாகப் பிறந்தவர்கள் மற்றும் யூத மதத்துக்கு மாறியவர்கள் மட்டுமே முதன்மைப்படுத்தப்பட்டனர். 2015 ஆம் ஆண்டில், உலக மக்கள் தொகையில் யூதர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை 14.3 மில்லியனாக இருந்தது. இது மொத்த உலக மக்கள் தொகையில் 0.2% ஆகும்.<ref name="WJP2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=803|title=World Jewish Population 2015|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref>
[[இசுரேல்|இசுரேலில்]] 43% யூதர்கள் வசிக்கின்றனர். 43% [[அமெரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடு|அமெரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகளில்]] வசிக்கின்றனர். மீதமுள்ளவர்களில், பெரும்பாலானோர் ஐரோப்பாவில் வசிக்கின்றனர். எஞ்சியுள்ள சிறுபான்மை குழுக்கள் தென் அமெரிக்கா, ஆசியா, ஆபிரிக்கா மற்றும் ஆஸ்திரேலியா ஆகிய நாடுகளில் பரவலாக வசிக்கின்றனர்.
== நம்பிக்கையின் பண்புகள் மற்றும் கொள்கைகளை வரையறுத்தல் ==
=== பண்புகள் வரையறை: ===
[[படிமம்:5492_-_Venezia_-_Ghetto_Nuovo_-_Negozio_ebraico_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto,_1-Aug-2008.jpg|thumb|250x250px|எபிரெயு வார்த்தை ஸோக்கிரினு (zokhreinu) பொறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ள கண்ணாடி நினைவகத் தட்டுப்படுத்தி - நம்மால் நினைவு கூரப்படுவது]]
[[படிமம்:Македонска_ханукија_-_מקדוני_חנוכייה_-_Macedonian_Hanukkah_menorah.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[மாக்கடோனியக் குடியரசு|மாக்கடோனியக் குடியரசின்]] 19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டைச் சார்ந்த வெள்ளி ஹனுக்கா மெனோரா (Hanukkah menorah)]]
பிற கடவுட்களைப் போலன்றி, எபிரெயர் கடவுள், கூறுபடா ஒற்றையராகவும் தனித்தவராகவும் சித்தரிக்கப்படுகிறார். மாறாக, எபிரேய கடவுளுக்கு, மற்ற கடவுட்களுடன் உறவு இல்லை. ஆனால் அவர், உலகோடும், குறிப்பாக தான் படைத்த மக்களோடும் முக்கிய உறவுகள் வைத்துள்ளார்.{{page needed|date=July 2017}} இவ்வாறு யூத மதவாதம் தார்மீக [[ஒரு கடவுட் கொள்கை|ஒரு கடவுட் கொள்கையுடன்]] தொடங்குகிறது. இது கடவுள் ஒருவரே என்றும், மனிதகுலத்தின் செயல்களைப் பற்றி அக்கறை கொள்வதாகவும் உள்ளது. எபிரெயு பைபிள் [[டனாக்|டனாகின்படி]], [[ஆபிரகாம்|ஆபிரகாமுக்கு]] ஒரு பெரிய தேசத்தை உண்டாக்குவதாக கடவுள் அவருக்கு உறுதியளித்தார். பல தலைமுறைகளுக்குப் பிறகு, ஒரே ஒரு கடவுளை நேசிக்குமாறும், அவரையே வணங்குமாறும் [[இசுரயேலர்|இசுரயேலருக்கு]] அவர் கட்டளையிட்டார். அதாவது, யூத தேசம் உலகிற்கான கடவுளுடைய அக்கறையை பேணுவதாகும். யூத மக்கள் ஒருவரையொருவர் நேசிக்க வேண்டும் எனக் கட்டளையிட்டார்; அதாவது, யூதர்கள் கடவுளுடைய அன்பை மக்களுக்குப் பிரதிபலிக்க வேண்டும். இந்த இரண்டு கட்டளைகள் கடவுளின், [[613 கட்டளைகள்|613 கட்டளைகளில்]], பிரதான கட்டளைகளாகும்.
இந்த [[உடன்படிக்கை (விவிலியம்)]] மற்றும் சார்ந்த சட்டங்கள் யூதம் மதத்தின் அடிப்படையாகும்.
== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=<ref name="Population of Jews">''14.3 million'' (core Jewish population) to ''17.4 million'' (including non-Jews who have a Jewish parent), according to: *{{cite report |author=DellaPergola, Sergio |date=2015 |title=World Jewish Population, 2015 |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3394 |publisher=Berman Jewish DataBank |accessdate=4 May 2016}} ''14–14.5 million'' according to: *{{cite news|title=Worldwide Jewry numbers 14 million|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4324677,00.html|publisher=Ynet|accessdate=21 October 2013}} *{{cite web|title=Jewish Population|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/populatn.htm|work=Judaism101|accessdate=20 September 2013}} *{{cite web|author=Daniel J. Elazar|title=How Strong is Orthodox Judaism – Really? The Demographics of Jewish Religious Identification|url=http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/demographics.htm|work=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]]|accessdate=20 September 2013}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-jew/|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|title= The Global Religious Landscape – Jews|date=18 December 2012|accessdate=31 October 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Lewis-84">Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20</ref> <ref name="Knowledge Resources: Judaism">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |title=Knowledge Resources: Judaism |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |date= |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref> <ref name="shabbat">{{cite news |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/shabbat.htm |publisher=Judaism 101 |title=Shabbat |date=12 April 2006 }}</ref> <ref name="tanakh">{{cite news|url=http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/tanakh.htm |publisher=Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America |title=Judaism 101: A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts |date=12 April 2006 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity">{{cite book |last = Boyarin |first = Daniel |title = A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity |url = http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view%3bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress |accessdate = 2006-06-15 |date= 14 October 1994 |publisher = [[University of California Press]] |location = [[Berkeley, California]] |isbn = 0-520-08592-2 |lccn=93036269 |pages = 13–38 |chapter = Introduction |chapterurl = http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7w10086w&chunk.id=introduction&toc.depth=1&toc.id=introduction&brand=ucpress |quote = Paul was motivated by a Hellenistic desire for the One, which among other things produced an ideal of a universal human essence, beyond difference and hierarchy. This universal humanity, however, was predicated (and still is) on the dualism of the flesh and the spirit, such that while the body is particular, marked through practice as Jew or Greek, and through anatomy as male or female, the spirit is universal. Paul did not, however, reject the body—as did, for instance, the gnostics—but rather promoted a system whereby the body had its place, albeit subordinated to the spirit. Paul's anthropological dualism was matched by a hermeneutical dualism as well. Just as the human being is divided into a fleshy and a spiritual component, so also is language itself. It is composed of outer, material signs and inner, spiritual significations. When this is applied to the religious system that Paul inherited, the physical, fleshy signs of the Torah, of historical Judaism, are re-interpreted as symbols of that which Paul takes to be universal requirements and possibilities for humanity. }}</ref> <ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity10">{{cite book |last = Boyarin |first = Daniel |title = A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity |year= 1994 |publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley, California |isbn = 0-520-08592-2 |chapter = Answering the Mail |chapterurl = http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7w10086w&chunk.id=ch10&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch10&brand=ucpress |quote = Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension with one another. }}</ref> <ref name="Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Bet Din">{{cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63134/bet-din |title=Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Bet Din |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="Conservative Judaism">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewlicious.com/2005/06/conservative-judaism/ |title=Conservative Judaism |publisher=Jewlicious |quote=We therefore understand this term as a metaphor to mean that the Torah is divine and that it reflects God's will.}}</ref> <ref name="Ethnoreligious">See, for example, [[Deborah Dash Moore]], ''American Jewish Identity Politics'', [[University of Michigan Press]], 2008, p. 303; Ewa Morawska, ''Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890–1940'', [[Princeton University Press]], 1999. p. 217; Peter Y. Medding, ''Values, interests and identity: Jews and politics in a changing world'', Volume 11 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, [[Oxford University Press]], 1995, p. 64; Ezra Mendelsohn, ''People of the city: Jews and the urban challenge'', Volume 15 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, [[Oxford University Press]], 1999, p. 55; Louis Sandy Maisel, Ira N. Forman, Donald Altschiller, Charles Walker Bassett, ''Jews in American politics: essays'', [[Rowman & Littlefield]], 2004, p. 158; [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], ''American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword'', [[W. W. 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Although far from alone in the litany of non-kosher animals, the pig seems to stand in a class of its own.}}</ref> <ref name="The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith">{{cite web|url=http://www.hebrew4christians.net/Scripture/Shloshah-Asar_Ikkarim/shloshah-asar_ikkarim.html |title=The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith |publisher=Hebrew4Christians |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views">{{cite web |url=http://masortiworld.org/faq/theology-%20beliefs/torah-misinai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713183805/http://masortiworld.org/faq/theology-%20beliefs/torah-misinai.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-07-13 |title=Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views |publisher=Masorti World |author=Robert Gordis |work=A Modern Approach to a Living Halachah |quote=The Torah is an emanation of God... This conception does not mean, for us, that the process of revelation consisted of dictation by God.}}</ref> <ref name="Torah tidbits">{{cite web|author=Avi Kehat |url=http://www.ou.org/torah/tt/5767/shemot67/mikdash.htm |title=Torah tidbits |publisher=Ou.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="What Do Jews Believe?">{{cite web |url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/jewfaq/beliefs.htm |title=What Do Jews Believe? |publisher=Mechon Mamre |quote=The closest that anyone has ever come to creating a widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs is Maimonides' thirteen principles of faith.}}</ref> <ref name="What is Reform Judaism?">{{cite web|url=http://reformjudaism.org/whatisrj.shtml |title=What is Reform Judaism? |publisher=Reformjudaism.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="What is the oral Torah?">{{cite web|url=http://www.torah.org/learning/basics/primer/torah/oraltorah.html |title=What is the oral Torah? |publisher=Torah.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="Who is a Jew?">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/whojew1.html |title=Who is a Jew? |accessdate=2007-10-06 |last=Weiner |first=Rebecca |year=2007 |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> <ref name="Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law">{{cite book|last=Wasserfall|first=Rahel|title=Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law|publisher=Brandeis University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-87451-960-8}}</ref> <ref name="askoxford">{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/judaism?view=uk|title=Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar|publisher=}}</ref> <ref name="askoxford8">[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/judaism?view=uk Judaism], AskOxford {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531060307/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/judaism?view=uk |date=31 May 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="bamidbar">Bamidbar (Numbers) 19.</ref> <ref name="beginnings">Shaye Cohen ''The beginnings of Jewishness''</ref> <ref name="bibleinterp">{{cite web|url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/mason3.shtml|title=The Bible and Interpretation|publisher=}}</ref> <ref name="biblical">Robert Alter ''The Art of Biblical Poetry''</ref> <ref name="biu">{{cite web |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/shmini/lict.html |title=Weekly Pamphlet #805 |author=Y. Lichtenshtein M.A. |publisher=[[Bar-Ilan University]], Faculty of Jewish Studies, Rabbinical office |quote=... certain prohibitions become allowed without a doubt because of lifethreatening circumstances, like for example eating non-kosher food}}</ref> <ref name="congregations">Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks, 2006 ''The Koren Sacks Siddur: Hebrew/English Prayer Book: The Authorized Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth'' London: Harper Collins Publishers pp. 54–55</ref> <ref name="deuteronomy">[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 20:3 "You shall have no other gods before me; {{bibleverse|Deut.||6:5|HE}} [[Deuteronomy]] 6:5 "Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength."</ref> <ref name="dictionary">The Oxford English Dictionary.</ref> <ref name="ephraim">Ephraim Urbach ''The Sages''</ref> <ref name="everlasting">{{bibleverse|Gen.||17:3–8|HE}} [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 17: 3–8: Abram fell facedown, and God said to him, "As for me, this is my covenant with you: You will be the father of many nations. No longer will you be called Abram ; your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations. I will make you very fruitful; I will make nations of you, and kings will come from you. I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you. The whole land of Canaan, where you are now an alien, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you; and I will be their God;" {{bibleverse|Gen.||22:17–18|HE}} Genesis 22: 17–18: I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies, and through your offspring all nations on earth will be blessed, because you have obeyed me."</ref> <ref name="faqs">{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/10-Reform/section-15.html |title=Reform's Position On...What is unacceptable practice? |publisher=Faqs.org |date=2010-06-29 |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="goddesses">John Day ''Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan'', page 68.</ref> <ref name="google">''Settings of silver: an introduction to Judaism'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=pAkE0GkHCoEC&pg=PA59 p. 59] by Stephen M. Wylen, Paulist Press, 2000</ref> <ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&pg=PA230 |first=Jacob |last=Neusner |chapter=Defining Judaism |editor1-first=Jacob |editor1-last=Neusner |editor2-first=Alan |editor2-last=Avery-Peck |title=The Blackwell companion to Judaism |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003 |page=3 |accessdate=2010-08-22|isbn=978-1-57718-059-3}}</ref> <!--<ref name="google9">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC&pg=RA1-PA39&lpg=RA1-PA39&dq=Greek+origins+of+Iudaismos#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Oscar Sakrsaune, "In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity"InterVarsity Press, 2002, PP.39FF |publisher=Books.google.com.au |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22|isbn=978-0-8308-2670-4|year=2002}}</ref> --> <ref name="harrisinteractive">{{cite web|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-While-Most-Americans-Believe-in-God-Only-36-pct-A-2003-10.pdf |title=While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often|first=Humphrey|last=Taylor|publisher=HarrisInteractive|date=15 October 2003|accessdate=2010-01-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109031643/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-While-Most-Americans-Believe-in-God-Only-36-pct-A-2003-10.pdf |archivedate=2011-01-09 |df= }}</ref> <ref name="history">John Bright ''A History of Israel''</ref> <ref name="history12">Martin Noth ''The History of Israel''</ref> <ref name="indeterminacy">Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), p. 151.</ref> <ref name="indeterminacy4">Neusner, Jacob 2003 ''Invitation to the Talmud'' Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii-vix; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976 ''The Essential Talmud'' New York: Basic Books. 3–9; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95; Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 132–161</ref> <ref name="indeterminacy5">Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), p. 147.</ref> <ref name="introduction">Cohen, Abner 1949 ''Everyman's Talmud'' New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. xxiv; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95</ref> <ref name="introduction6">Cohen, Abner 1949 ''Everyman's Talmud'' New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. xxiv; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976 ''The Essential Talmud'' New Yorki: Basic Books. 222; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95</ref> <ref name="introduction7">Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. p. 95</ref> <ref name="invitation">Neusner, Jacob 2003 ''Invitation to the Talmud'' Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii–xxii</ref> <ref name="jerusalem">סדור רינת ישראל לבני חוײל Jerusalem: 1974, pp. 38–39</ref> <ref name="jewishmag">[http://www.jewishmag.com/136mag/uk_rationing/uk_rationing.htm Jewish life in WWII England]: "there was a...special dispensation...that allowed Jews serving in the armed services to eat "non-kosher" when no Jewish food was available; that deviation from halacha was allowed 'in order to save a human life including your own.'"</ref> <ref name="jovanovich">Steinberg, Milton 1947 ''Basic Judaism'' New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 36</ref> <ref name="judaism101beliefs">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/beliefs.htm |title=Judaism 101: What Do Jews Believe? |publisher=Jewfaq.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="koshersex">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/sex.htm |title=Judaism 101: Kosher Sex |publisher=Jewfaq.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="learning">{{cite web |url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Thinkers_and_Thought/Doctrine_and_Dogma/The_Middle_Ages/Principles_of_Faith.shtml |title=The Thirteen Principles of Faith |author=Daniel Septimus |publisher=MyJewishLearning.com}}</ref> <ref name="leviticus">{{bibleverse|Lev.||19:18|HE}} [[Leviticus]] 19:18: "'Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord"</ref> <ref name="leviticus11">Vayyiqra (Leviticus) 11</ref> <ref name="leviticus15">Vayyiqra (Leviticus) 15.</ref> <ref name="lewis14">Lewis (1984), pp. 9, 27</ref> <ref name="lewis15">Lewis (1999), p. 131</ref> <ref name="lewis16">Lewis (1984), p. 28</ref> <ref name="mechon-mamre">The [[Books of Kings|Books of Melachim (Kings)]] and [[Book of Isaiah|Book of Yeshaiahu (Isaiah)]] in the Tanakh contain a few of the many Biblical accounts of Israelite kings and segments of ancient Israel's population worshiping other gods. For example: King Solomon's "wives turned away his heart after other gods...[and he] did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully after the LORD" (elaborated in 1 Melachim 11:4–10); King Ahab "went and served Baal, and worshiped him...And Ahab made the Asherah [a pagan place of worship]; and Ahab did yet more to provoke the LORD, the God of Israel, than all the kings of Israel that were before him" (1 Melachim 16:31–33); the prophet [[Isaiah]] condemns the people who "prepare a table for [the idol] Fortune, and that offer mingled wine in full measure unto [the idol] Destiny" (Yeshaiahu 65:11–12). Translation: JPS ([[Jewish Publication Society]]) edition of the Tanakh, from 1917, available at [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm Mechon Mamre].</ref> <ref name="medieval">Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought, Menachem Kellner.</ref> <ref name="mesora">{{cite web |url=http://www.mesora.org/13principles.html |title=Maimonides' 13 Foundations of Judaism |publisher=Mesora |quote=However if he rejects one of these fundamentals he leaves the nation and is a denier of the fundamentals and is called a heretic, a denier, etc.}}</ref> <ref name="montpelier">Rabbi S. of Montpelier, Yad Rama, Y. Alfacher, Rosh Amanah.</ref> <ref name="movements">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/movement.htm |title=Judaism 101: Movements of Judaism |publisher=Jewfaq.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="ontario">{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/jud_desc.htm |title=Description of Judaism, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance |publisher=Religioustolerance.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="patriarchscovenant">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/origins.htm |title=Judaism 101: The Patriarchs and the Origins of Judaism |publisher=Jewfaq.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="publication">Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Nissen Mangel, 2003 ''Siddur Tehillat Hashem'' Kehot Publication Society. pp. 24–25</ref> <ref name="publications">Nosson Scherman 2003 ''The Complete Artscroll Siddur'' Third Edition Brooklyn, N.Y.: Mesorah Publications pp. 49–53</ref> <ref name="publishers">"Tefillin", "The Book of Jewish Knowledge", Nathan Ausubel, Crown Publishers, NY, 1964, p. 458</ref> <ref name="publishing">Kadushin, Max, 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind''. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. p. 194</ref> <ref name="publishing2">Kadushin, Max, 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind''. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. p. 203</ref> <ref name="publishing3">Kadushin, Max 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind'' New York: Bloch Publishing. p. 213</ref> <ref name="questia">[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1356351 ''Jewish Contributions to Civilization: An Estimate''] (book)</ref> <ref name="rabbinicalassembly">Elliot Dorff, {{cite web|url=http://rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/dorff_wines.pdf |title="On the Use of All Wines" |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083350/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/dorff_wines.pdf |archivedate=2009-12-22 |df= }} {{small|(2.19 MB)}}, YD 123:1.1985, pp. 11–15.</ref> <ref name="relations">''This is My Beloved, This is My Friend: A Rabbinic Letter on Intimate relations'', p. 27, [[Elliot N. Dorff]]</ref> <ref name="religiousleadership">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/rabbi.htm |title=Judaism 101: Rabbis, Priests and Other Religious Functionaries |publisher=Jewfaq.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="sacred-texts">M. San 10:1. Translation available here [http://sacred-texts.com/jud/tsa/tsa37.htm].</ref> <ref name="sacredtexts">{{cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/texts.htm |title=Jewish Sacred Texts |publisher=ReligionFacts |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> <ref name="shulchan">[[Shulchan Aruch]], [[Yoreh De'ah]], (87:3)</ref> <ref name="speiser">[[E. A. Speiser]] ''Genesis'' (The Anchor Bible)</ref> <ref name="stillman">Lewis (1984), pp. 17, 18, 52, 94, 95; Stillman (1979), pp. 27, 77</ref> <ref name="traditions">The JPS guide to Jewish traditions, p. 510, "The one that eventually secured almost universal acceptance was the Thirteen Principles of faith"</ref> <ref name="translated">''The Prayer book: Weekday, Sabbath, and Festival'' translated and arranged by Ben Zion Bokser. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company. pp. 9–10</ref> <ref name="uncertainties">Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 ''The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties'', Berkeley: University of California Press; p. 7</ref> <ref name="understanding">Nahum Sarna 1969 ''Understanding Genesis''. New York: Schocken</ref> <ref name="university">Heschel, Susannah (1998) Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 157. {{ISBN|0-226-32959-3}}</ref> <ref name="yehezkal">Yehezkal Kauffman, ''The Religion of Israel''</ref> <ref name="Ariel2000p223">{{cite book |last= Ariel |first= Yaakov S. |title= Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA223 |accessdate= 10 August 2010 |year= 2000 |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |location= [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]] |isbn= 978-0-8078-4880-7 |oclc= 43708450 |page= 223 |chapter= Chapter 20: The Rise of Messianic Judaism |chapterurl= |quote= Messianic Judaism, although it advocated the idea of an independent movement of Jewish converts, remained the offspring of the missionary movement, and the ties would never be broken. The rise of Messianic Judaism was, in many ways, a logical outcome of the ideology and rhetoric of the movement to evangelize the Jews as well as its early sponsorship of various forms of Hebrew Christian expressions. The missions have promoted the message that Jews who had embraced Christianity were not betraying their heritage or even their faith but were actually fulfilling their true Jewish selves by becoming Christians. The missions also promoted the dispensationalist idea that the Church equals the body of the true Christian believers and that Christians were defined by their acceptance of Jesus as their personal Savior and not by their affiliations with specific denominations and particular liturgies or modes of prayer. Missions had been using Jewish symbols in their buildings and literature and called their centers by Hebrew names such as Emanuel or Beth Sar Shalom. Similarly, the missions' publications featured Jewish religious symbols and practices such as the lighting of a menorah. Although missionaries to the Jews were alarmed when they first confronted the more assertive and independent movement of Messianic Judaism, it was they who were responsible for its conception and indirectly for its birth. The ideology, rhetoric, and symbols they had promoted for generations provided the background for the rise of a new movement that missionaries at first rejected as going too far but later accepted and even embraced. }}</ref> <ref name="Ariel2006p191a">{{cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov<!--''not'' the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry--> |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |accessdate= |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]] |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |page= 191 |chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191 |quote=While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group, it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained. But in the twentieth century groups of young Jews claimed that they had overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish identity and customs with the Christian faith. |lccn = 2006022954}}</ref> <ref name="Ariel2006p191b">{{cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry--> |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]] |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |page= 191 |chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191 |quote=In the late 1960s and 1970s, both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews. |lccn = 2006022954}}</ref> <ref name="Ariel2006p194a">{{cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry--> |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |accessdate= |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]] |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |page= 194 |chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191 |quote=The Rise of Messianic Judaism. In the first phase of the movement, during the early and mid-1970s, Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative. Unlike the previous communities of Jewish Christians, Messianic Jewish congregations were largely independent of control from missionary societies or Christian denominations, even though they still wanted the acceptance of the larger evangelical community. |lccn = 2006022954}}</ref> <ref name="Ariel2006p194b">{{cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry--> |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |accessdate= |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]] |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |pages= 194–195 |chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191 |quote=When the term resurfaced in Israel in the 1940s and 1950s, it designated all Jews who accepted Christianity in its Protestant evangelical form. Missionaries such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews, the term ''nozrim'', "Christians" in Hebrew, meant, almost automatically, an alien, hostile religion. Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion, missionaries sought a more neutral term, one that did not arouse negative feelings. They chose ''Meshichyim'', Messianic, to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term ''nozrim''. ''Meshichyim'' as a term also had the advantage of emphasizing messianism as a major component of the Christian evangelical belief that the missions and communities of Jewish converts to Christianity propagated. It conveyed the sense of a new, innovative religion rather that''{{sic}}'' an old, unfavorable one. The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior, and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians. The term Messianic Judaism was adopted in the United States in the early 1970s by those converts to evangelical Christianity who advocated a more assertive attitude on the part of converts towards their Jewish roots and heritage. |lccn = 2006022954}}</ref> <ref name="Denominations"> ;[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] :{{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/jw/s/48892792.html |title=Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus |accessdate=28 July 2010 |last=Simmons |first=Shraga |publisher=[[Aish HaTorah]] |quote=Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because:<br />#Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies. #Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah. #Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations. #Jewish belief is based on national revelation. }} ;[[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]]:{{cite web |url=http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html |title=Messianic Jews Are Not Jews |accessdate=2007-02-14 |last=Waxman |first=Jonathan |year=2006 |publisher=[[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]] |quote=Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side....we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628033541/http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html |archivedate=28 June 2006 }} ;[[Reform Judaism|Reform]]:{{cite web |url=http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html |title=Missionary Impossible |accessdate=2007-02-14 |date=9 August 1999 |publisher=[[Hebrew Union College]] |quote=Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus," "Messianic Jews," and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928080259/http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html |archivedate=28 September 2006 |df= }} ;[[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]]/[[Jewish Renewal|Renewal]]:{{cite web |url=https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm |title=FAQ's About Jewish Renewal |accessdate=2007-12-20 |year=2007 |publisher=Aleph.org |quote='''''What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism?''''' ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023183108/https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm |archivedate=2014-10-23 |df= }}</ref> <ref name="Feher1998p140">Feher, Shoshanah. ''Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism'', Rowman Altamira, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-7619-8953-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HJRNlnUmWZwC&pg=PA140 p. 140]. "This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s, when Messianic Judaism arose."</ref> <ref name="JeC3">{{cite web | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/do-i-need-to-be-circumcised/ | title = Do I need to be Circumcised? | accessdate = 18 August 2010 | date = 10 February 2009 | publisher = JerusalemCouncil.org | quote = To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech, accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah – as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God, and we love God by following his Messiah. Without first accepting Yeshua as the King and thus obeying Him, then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community. It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come.... Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem, and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King, is nothing but a surgical procedure, or worse, could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come – at which point, what good is Messiah Yeshua, the Word of HaShem to you? He would have died for nothing!... As a convert from the nations, part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant, if you are a male, is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision. Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member (that is, being made righteous before HaShem, and thus obtaining eternal life), but it is a requirement of obedience to God's commandments, because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham, whether born into the family, adopted, or converted....If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is, and that is an act of obedience, rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life, then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death, the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him, then pursue circumcision, and thus conversion into Judaism, as an act of obedience to the Messiah. }}</ref> <ref name="Meltonp373a">[[J. Gordon Melton|Melton, J. Gordon]]. ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism''. Infobase Publishing, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-5456-5}}, p. 373. "Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith.... By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews."</ref> <ref name="MJSelfID">*{{cite web | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/halacha/giyur/jewish-conversion/ | title = Jewish Conversion – Giyur | accessdate = 2009-02-05 | year = 2009 | work = JerusalemCouncil.org | publisher = JerusalemCouncil.org | quote = We recognize the desire of people from the nations to convert to Judaism, through HaDerech (The Way)(Messianic Judaism), a sect of Judaism. }}</ref> <ref name="Sherbok_179">{{cite book |last= Cohn-Sherbok |first= Dan |authorlink= Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title= Messianic Judaism |accessdate= 10 August 2010 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=5aOOlWdLpNwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |year= 2000 |publisher= [[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |location= [[London]] |isbn= 978-0-8264-5458-4 |oclc= 42719687 |page= 179 |chapter= Messianic Jewish mission |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=5aOOlWdLpNwC&pg=PA169&dq=%22Messianic+Judaism%22+Christian+Jewish&hl=en&ei=IkthTJaKMMT48Aax_dDaCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Evangelism%20Jewish%20people%20heart%20movement&f=false |quote=Evangelism of the Jewish people is thus at the heart of the Messianic movement. }}</ref> <ref name="Trinitarianism">{{cite web | url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/apologetics/trinitarianism/ | author = Israel b. Betzalel | title = Trinitarianism | accessdate = 2009-07-03 | year = 2009 | publisher = JerusalemCouncil.org | quote = This then is who Yeshua is: He is not just a man, and as a man, he is not from Adam, but from God. He is the Word of HaShem, the Memra, the Davar, the Righteous One, he didn't become righteous, he is righteous. He is called God's Son, he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem, and he is "HaShem" who we interact with and not die. }}</ref> <ref name="UMJC-3">{{cite web | url = http://www.umjc.org/what-are-the-standards-of-the-umjc/ | title = What are the Standards of the UMJC? | accessdate = 3 May 2015 | date=June 1998 | publisher = [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] | quote = 1. We believe the Bible is the inspired, the only infallible, authoritative Word of G-d.<br />2. We believe that there is one G-d, eternally existent in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.<br />3. We believe in the deity of the L-RD Yeshua, the Messiah, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, and in His personal return in power and glory. }}</ref> <ref name="HarriesAfter">Richard Harries. ''After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust''. Oxford University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-19-926313-4}}</ref> <ref name="Kung">Hans Küng. ''On Being a Christian''. Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1976 {{ISBN|978-0-385-02712-0}}</ref> <ref name="Dawidowicz">Lucy Dawidowicz ''The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945''. First published 1975; this Bantam edition 1986, p. 23. {{ISBN|0-553-34532-X}}</ref>}}
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