எகிப்தின் மூன்றாம் இடைநிலைக் காலம்: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

உள்ளடக்கம் நீக்கப்பட்டது உள்ளடக்கம் சேர்க்கப்பட்டது
வரிசை 66:
 
===எகிப்தின் இருபத்தைந்தாம் வம்சம் ===
Piye established the [[Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-fifth Dynastyநூபியா]]வின் andஎகிப்திய appointedஇருபத்தி theஐந்தாம் defeatedவம்ச rulersமன்னர் as'''பியூ''', hisபோரில் provincialதோற்ற governors.எகிப்திய Heமன்னர்களை wasமாநில succeededஆளுநர்களாக firstநியமித்தார். by[[கீழ் hisஎகிப்து|கீழ் brother, [[Shabakaஎகிப்தின்]], and then by his two sons [[Shebitku]]நைல் andவடிநிலம்|நைல் [[Taharqaசமவெளிப்]]. Theபகுதிகளை reunitedவென்று Nileஎகிப்தை valleyஒரு empireகுடையின் ofகீழ் the 25th Dynasty was as large as it had been since the New Kingdomஆண்டார். Pharaohs of the dynasty, among them Taharqa, built or restored temples and monuments throughout the Nile valley, including at Memphis, Karnak, Kawa, and Jebel Barkal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bonnet|first=Charles|title=The Nubian Pharaohs|year=2006|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|location=New York|isbn=978-977-416-010-3|pages=142–154}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Diop|first=Cheikh Anta|title=The African Origin of Civilization|year=1974|publisher=Lawrence Hill Books|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=1-55652-072-7|pages=219–221}}</ref> The 25th&nbsp;Dynasty[[பிந்தைய endedகால withஎகிப்திய its rulers retreating to their spiritual homeland at [[Napataஇராச்சியம்]]. நிறுவப்படும் Itவரை wasஇவ்வம்சத்தின் thereமன்னர்கள் (atமுழு El-Kurruஎகிப்தையும் andஆண்டனர். Nuri)இருபத்தி thatஐந்தாம் allவம்ச 25thபார்வோன்களில் Dynasty pharaohs were buried under the firstகல்லறைகள் [[Nubian pyramids|pyramidsநூபியா]]வில் to be constructed in the Nile valley in hundreds of yearsஇருந்தது.<ref name="Emberling 2011 10">{{cite book|last=Emberling|first=Geoff|title=Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa|year=2011|publisher=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-615-48102-9|pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mokhtar|first=G.|title=General History of Africa|year=1990|publisher=University of California Press|location=California, USA|isbn=0-520-06697-9|pages=161–163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Emberling|first=Geoff|title=Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa|year=2011|publisher=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World|location=New York|isbn=978-0-615-48102-9|pages=9–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Silverman|first=David|title=Ancient Egypt|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-521270-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36 36–37]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36}}</ref> The Napatan dynasty led to the [[Kingdom of Kush]], which flourished in [[Napata]] and [[Meroe]] until at least the 2nd century AD.<ref name="Emberling 2011 10"/>
 
கிமு 670-663 வரை [[பண்டைய அசிரியா|அசிரியர்கள்]] எகிப்தின் மீது அடிக்கடி தாக்குதல் நடத்தினர்.<ref name=KS05>{{cite book |last=Shillington |first=Kevin |title=History of Africa |year=2005 |publisher=Macmillan Education |location=Oxford |isbn=0-333-59957-8 |page=40}}</ref> கிமு 664-இல் அசிரியர்கள் [[தீபை]], [[மெம்பிசு]] நகரங்களை அழித்தனர். இறுதியாக கிமு 700-இல் [[கீழ் எகிப்து|கீழ் எகிப்தை]] [[புது அசிரியப் பேரரசு|புது அசிரியப் பேரரசினர்]] கைப்பற்றியதால், எகிப்தில் அசிரிய நாகரித்தின் தாக்கங்கள் ஏற்பட்டது. [[பண்டைய அசிரியா|அசிரியாவிலிருந்து]] எகிப்திற்கு மரக்கட்டைகள், இரும்பை உருக்க நிலக்கரி ஏற்றுமதி செய்யப்பட்டது.
Piye established the [[Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-fifth Dynasty]] and appointed the defeated rulers as his provincial governors. He was succeeded first by his brother, [[Shabaka]], and then by his two sons [[Shebitku]] and [[Taharqa]]. The reunited Nile valley empire of the 25th Dynasty was as large as it had been since the New Kingdom. Pharaohs of the dynasty, among them Taharqa, built or restored temples and monuments throughout the Nile valley, including at Memphis, Karnak, Kawa, and Jebel Barkal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bonnet|first=Charles|title=The Nubian Pharaohs|year=2006|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|location=New York|isbn=978-977-416-010-3|pages=142–154}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Diop|first=Cheikh Anta|title=The African Origin of Civilization|year=1974|publisher=Lawrence Hill Books|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=1-55652-072-7|pages=219–221}}</ref> The 25th&nbsp;Dynasty ended with its rulers retreating to their spiritual homeland at [[Napata]]. It was there (at El-Kurru and Nuri) that all 25th Dynasty pharaohs were buried under the first [[Nubian pyramids|pyramids]] to be constructed in the Nile valley in hundreds of years.<ref name="Emberling 2011 10">{{cite book|last=Emberling|first=Geoff|title=Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa|year=2011|publisher=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-615-48102-9|pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mokhtar|first=G.|title=General History of Africa|year=1990|publisher=University of California Press|location=California, USA|isbn=0-520-06697-9|pages=161–163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Emberling|first=Geoff|title=Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa|year=2011|publisher=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World|location=New York|isbn=978-0-615-48102-9|pages=9–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Silverman|first=David|title=Ancient Egypt|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-521270-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36 36–37]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36}}</ref> The Napatan dynasty led to the [[Kingdom of Kush]], which flourished in [[Napata]] and [[Meroe]] until at least the 2nd century AD.<ref name="Emberling 2011 10"/>
 
The international prestige of Egypt had declined considerably by this time. The country's international allies had fallen firmly into the sphere of influence of [[Assyria]] and from about 700 BC the question became when, not if, there would be war between the two states as Esarhaddon had realised that a conquest of Lower Egypt was necessary to protect Assyrians interests in the Levant.
 
Despite Egypt's size and wealth, Assyria had a greater supply of timber, while Egypt had a chronic shortage, allowing Assyria to produce more charcoal needed for iron-smelting and thus giving Assyria a greater supply of iron weaponry. This disparity became critical during the Assyrian invasions of Egypt over the period 670-663 BC.<ref name=KS05>{{cite book |last=Shillington |first=Kevin |title=History of Africa |year=2005 |publisher=Macmillan Education |location=Oxford |isbn=0-333-59957-8 |page=40}}</ref> Consequently, pharaoh [[Taharqa]]'s reign, and that of his successor [[Tantamani]], were filled with constant conflict with the Assyrians. In 664 BC the Assyrians delivered a mortal blow, [[Sack of Thebes|sacking Thebes]] and [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]. Following these events, and starting with [[Atlanersa]], no Kushite ruler would ever rule over Egypt again.
 
===எகிப்தின் மூன்றாம் இடைநிலைக் காலத்தின் முடிவு ===