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'''நெபர்தரி''' அல்லது '''நெபர்தரி மெரிட்மூத்''' ('''Nefertari''' - '''Nefertari Meritmut'''), [[புது எகிப்து இராச்சியம்|புது எகிப்திய இராச்சியத்தை]] ஆண்ட [[எகிப்தின் பத்தொன்பதாம் வம்சம்|பத்தொன்பதாம் வம்சத்தின்]] [[பார்வோன்]] [[இரண்டாம் ராமேசேஸ்|இரண்டாம் ராமேசஸ்சின்]] பட்டத்து அரசி ஆவார்.<ref name="DH">Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt''. Thames & Hudson. 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-05128-3}} {{pn|date=February 2017}}</ref> Nefertari means 'beautiful companion' and Meritmut means 'Beloved of [the goddess] Mut'. She is one of the best known Egyptian queens, next to [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]], [[Nefertiti]], and [[Hatshepsut]]. She was highly educated and able to both read and write hieroglyphs, a very rare skill at the time. She used these skills in her diplomatic work, corresponding with other prominent royals of the time. Her lavishly decorated [[tomb]], [[QV66]], is one of the largest and most spectacular in the [[Valley of the Queens]]. Ramesses also constructed a temple for her at [[Abu Simbel]] next to his colossal monument there.<!-- {{Hiero | Nefertari | <hiero>t*G15-nfr-i-t:r:Z1*Z1-n:N36:t</hiero> | align=left| era=default}} already above-->
[[எகிப்திய மொழி]]யில் நெபர்தரி என்பதற்கு ''அழகிய கூட்டாளி'' என்றும், நெபர்தரி மெரிட்மூத் என்பதற்கு ''[[மூத் (எகிப்தியக் கடவுள்)|மூத் பெண் கடவுளின்]] அன்பைப் பெற்றவர்'' என்பது பொருளாகும். எகிப்திய பட்டத்து இராணிகளில் இவர் [[ஏழாம் கிளியோபாற்றா|கிளியோபாட்ரா]], [[ஆட்செப்சுட்டு]], [[நெஃபர்டீட்டீ]] ஆகியவர்களுக்கு அடுத்து இராணி நெபர்தரி அதிக அரசியல் புகழ் பெற்றவர் ஆவார்.
==பட்டங்கள் ==
[[File:Pilgrim bottle. Alabaster, gold-mounted with a silver foot. Inscribed with cartouches of Ramesses II and Nefertari. 19th Dynasty. From Thebes, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|left|Pilgrim bottle. Alabaster, gold-mounted with a silver foot. Inscribed with cartouches of Ramesses II and Nefertari. 19th Dynasty. From Thebes, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
Nefertari held many titles, including: Great of Praises (wrt-hzwt), Sweet of Love (bnrt-mrwt), Lady of Grace (nbt-im3t), Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt), his beloved (hmt-niswt-wrt meryt.f), Lady of The Two Lands (nbt-t3wy), Lady of all Lands (hnwt-t3w-nbw), Wife of the Strong Bull (hmt-k3-nxt), god's Wife (hmt-ntr), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (hnwt-Shm’w-mhw).<ref>Grajetzki, ''Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary'', Golden House Publications, London, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-9547218-9-3}} {{pn|date=February 2017}}</ref> Ramesses II also named her 'The one for whom the sun shines'.
[[ராணிகளின் சமவெளி]]யில் இவரது பெரிய கல்லறை மிகவும் அழகிய முறையில் நிறுவப்பட்டுள்ளது. இவருக்காக இவரது கணவர் [[இரண்டாம் ராமேசஸ்]] [[அபு சிம்பெல் கோயில்கள்|அபு-சிம்பெல்லில்]] அழகிய கோயில் கட்டியுள்ளார். மேலும் இராணி நெபர்தரிக்கு [[தீபை]] மற்றும் [[கர்னாக்]]கில் பல கோயில்கள் உள்ளது.
==குடும்பம்==
Although Nefertari's family background is unknown, the discovery in her tomb of a knob inscribed with the cartouche of Pharaoh [[Ay]] has led people to speculate she was related to him.<ref name="DH"/> The time between the reign of [[Ay]] and [[Ramesses II]] means that Nefertari could not be a daughter of [[Ay]] and if any relation exists at all, she would be a great-granddaughter. There is no conclusive evidence linking Nefertari to the royal family of the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th dynasty]], however.<ref name="TyldesleyQueens">Tyldesley, Joyce. ''Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt''. Thames & Hudson. 2006. {{ISBN|0-500-05145-3}} {{pn|date=February 2017}}</ref>
Nefertari married Ramesses II before he ascended the throne.<ref name="Kitchen-PT">Kitchen, Kenneth A., ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, The King of Egypt'', Aris & Phillips. 1983 {{ISBN|978-0-85668-215-5}} {{pn|date=February 2017}}</ref> Nefertari had at least four sons and two daughters. [[Amun-her-khepeshef]], the eldest was Crown Prince and Commander of the Troops, and [[Pareherwenemef]] would later serve in Ramesses II’s army. Prince [[Meryatum]] was elevated to the position of [[High Priest of Re]] in [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]]. Inscriptions mention he was a son of Nefertari. Prince Meryre is a fourth son mentioned on the façade of the small temple at [[Abu Simbel]] and is thought to be another son of Nefertari. [[Meritamen]] and [[Henuttawy (19th dynasty)|Henuttawy]] are two royal daughters depicted on the façade of the small temple at Abu Simbel and are thought to be daughters of Nefertari.<ref name="DH"/>
[[File:Pilgrim bottle. Alabaster, gold-mounted with a silver foot. Inscribed with cartouches of Ramesses II and Nefertari. 19th Dynasty. From Thebes, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|left|வெள்ளிப் பீடத்தில், தங்கப்பூண்கள் இட்ட நீர்க்குடுவையின் மீது [[இரண்டாம் ராமேசஸ்]] மற்று இரானி நெபர்தரியின் பெயர்கள் பொறிக்கப்பட்ட [[குறுங்கல்வெட்டு (பண்டைய எகிப்து)|குறுங்கல்வெட்டு]]]]
Princesses named Bak(et)mut,<ref>Tyldesley, Joyce. ''Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh''. Penguin. 2001. {{ISBN|0-14-028097-9}} {{pn|date=February 2017}}</ref> Nefertari,<ref name="DH"/> and [[Nebettawy]] are sometimes suggested as further daughters of Nefertari based on their presence in Abu Simbel, but there is no concrete evidence for this supposed family relation.
[[Image:NefertariOfferingToHathor.JPG|thumb|right|[[அபு சிம்பெல்]] கோயிலில் [[ஆத்தோர்]] பெண் கடவுளுக்கு காணிக்கையிடும் இராணி நெபர்தரி]]
== வரலாறு==
[[Image:NefertariOfferingToHathor.JPG|thumb|right|Nefertari depicted offering sistrums to Hathor in her smaller temple of [[Abu Simbel]]]]
[[File:Abu-Simbel temple2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[இரண்டாம் ராமேசஸ்]] அருகில் நெபர்தரியின் சிற்பம்]]
Nefertari first appears as the wife of [[Ramesses II]] in official scenes during the first year of Ramesses II. In the tomb of [[Nebwenenef]], Nefertari is depicted behind her husband as he elevates [[Nebwenenef]] to the position of [[High Priests of Amun]] during a visit to [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]].<ref name="KitchenRI-3">Kitchen, Kenneth A. ''Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated and Annotated Translations: Ramesses II, His Contemporaries'' (Ramesside Inscriptions Translations) (Volume III) Wiley-Blackwell. 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-631-18428-7}} {{pn|date=February 2017}}</ref> Nefertari also appears in a scene next to a year 1 stela. She is depicted shaking two [[Sistrum|sistra]] before [[Taweret]], [[Thoth]], and [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]].<ref name="KitchenRI-2">Kitchen, K.A., ''Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated, Translations'', Volume II, Blackwell Publishers, 1996 {{pn|date=February 2017}}</ref>
[[Image:S F-E-CAMERON EGYPT 2005 APR 00354.JPG|thumb|left|130px|right|அபு சிம்பெல்]]லில் இராணி நெபர்தரியின் கோயில்]]
Nefertari is an important presence in the scenes from [[Thebes, Egypt|Luxor]] and [[Thebes, Egypt|Karnak]]. In a scene from Luxor, Nefertari appears leading the royal children. Another scene shows Nefertari at the Festival of the Mast of [[Amun]]-[[Min (god)|Min]]-Kamephis. The king and the queen are said to worship in the new temple and are shown overseeing the Erection of the Mast before Amen-Re attended by standard bearers. Nefertari’s speech during this ceremony is recorded:
: <blockquote>'' "Your beloved son, the Lord of Both Lands, Usermaatre Setepenre, has come to see you in your beautiful manifestation. He has erected for you the mast of the (pavilion)-framework. May you grant him eternity as King, and victory over those rebellious (against) His Majesty, L.P.H."’’ <ref name="KitchenRI-2"/> </blockquote>
[[Image:Ankh isis nefertari.jpg|thumb|right|[[ஆத்தோர்]] பெண் கடவுள் இராணி நெபர்தரிக்கு வழங்கும் [[ஆங்க் (எகிப்தியச் சின்னம்)|ஆங்க் தாயத்து]]]]
Nefertari appears as Ramesses II’s consort on many statues in both Luxor and Karnak. In Western Thebes, Nefertari is mentioned on a statuary group from Deir el-BAhari, a stela and blocks from Deir el-Medina.<ref name="KitchenRI-2"/>
The greatest honor was bestowed on Nefertari however in [[Abu Simbel]]. Nefertari is depicted in statue form at the [[Abu Simbel temples|great temple]], but the [[Abu Simbel temples#The Small Temple|small temple]] is dedicated to Nefertari and the goddess [[Hathor]]. The building project was started earlier in the reign of [[Ramesses II]], and seems to have been inaugurated by ca year 25 of his reign (but not completed until ten years later).<ref name="Kitchen-PT"/>
Nefertari’s prominence at court is further supported by [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] tablets from the [[Hittites|Hittite]] city of [[Hattusas]] (today [[Boghazkoy]], [[Turkey]]), containing Nefertari's correspondence with the king [[Hattusili III]] and his wife [[Puduhepa]]. She is mentioned in the letters as ''Naptera.'' Nefertari is known to have sent gifts to Puduhepa:
: <blockquote>The great Queen Naptera of the land of Egypt speaks thus: Speak to my sister Puduhepa, the Great Queen of the Hatti land. I, your sister, (also) be well!! May your country be well. Now, I have learned that you, my sister, have written to me asking after my health. ... You have written to me because of the good friendship and brotherly relationship between your brother, the king of Egypt, The Great and the Storm god will bring about peace, and he will make the brotherly relationship between the Egptian king, the Great King, and his brother, the Hatti King, the Great King, last for ever... See, I have sent you a gift, in order to greet you, my sister... for your neck (a necklace) of pure gold, composed of 12 bands and weighing 88 shekels, coloured linen maklalu-material, for one royal dress for the king... A total of 12 linen garments.<ref name="TyldesleyQueens"/><ref name="Kitchen-PT"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atamanhotel.com/hattusilis-a141.html |title=WEIDNER 1917, 78; FRIEDRICH 1925, 23; Ün 1989, 3-6 , via |access-date=2010-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523053731/http://www.atamanhotel.com/hattusilis-a141.html |archive-date=2010-05-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> </blockquote>
Nefertari is shown at the inaugural festivities at Abu Simbel in year 24. Her daughter [[Meritamen]] is depicted taking part in place of her mother in some of the scenes. Nefertari may well have been in failing health at this point. After her death she was buried in tomb [[QV66]] in the [[Valley of the Queens]].<ref name="Kitchen-PT"/><ref name="KitchenRI-2"/>
== நினைவுச் சின்னங்கள்==
===Abu Simbel, great temple===
{{main| Abu Simbel temples }}
[[File:Abu-Simbel temple2.jpg|thumb|100px|Nefertari beside a colossus of [[Ramesses II]]]]
Nefertari appears twice as one of the royal women represented beside the colossal statues of [[Ramesses II]] that stand before the temple. To the left of the doorway, Nefertari, Queen-Mother [[Tuya (queen)|Tuya]] and the king's son [[Amun-her-khepeshef]] (still called Amunhirwenemef here) flank the colossal statue of the king. To the right of the doorway Nefertari, Baketmut and the king's son [[Ramesses (prince)|Ramesses]] are shown with the [[Pharaoh]].<ref name="TyldesleyQueens"/>
Inside the temple Nefertari is depicted on one of the pillars in the great pillared hall worshipping [[Hathor]] of Ibshek.<ref name="KitchenRI-2"/>
On the wall of the inner pillared hall Nefertari appears behind Ramesses II. They stand before the barque of [[Amun]], and Nefertari is shown playing the sistra. Elsewhere Nefertari and Ramesses II are shown before a barque dedicated to a deified Ramesses II. Nefertari is shown twice accompanying her husband in Triumph scenes.<ref name="KitchenRI-2"/>
===Abu Simbel, small temple===
[[Image:S F-E-CAMERON EGYPT 2005 APR 00354.JPG|thumb|left|130px|right|Temple of Nefertari at Abu Simbel]]
The small temple at Abu Simbel was dedicated to Nefertari and [[Hathor]] of Ibshek. The dedication text on one of the buttresses states :
: ‘’ A temple of great and Mighty monuments, for the Great Royal Wife Nefertari Meryetmut, for whose sake the (very) sun does shine, given life and beloved;’’ (Kitchen) <ref name="KitchenRI-2"/>
While on other buttresses it says:
: ‘’ King of South and North Egypt, Usermaatre Setepenre; - he has made a Temple by excavation in the mountain, of eternal work(manship) in Nubia, which the King of South and North Egypt, Usermaatre Setepenre has made for the Great Royal Wife Nefertari Meryetmut, in Nubia, like Re forever and ever.’’ (Kitchen) <ref name="KitchenRI-2"/>
The two colossal standing statues of Nefertari in front of the small temple are equal in size to those of Ramesses II. Nefertari is shown holding a sistrum. She wears a long sheet dress and she is depicted with a long wig, Hathoric cow horns, the solar disk, and tall feathers mounted on a [[modius (headdress)|modius]].<ref name="TyldesleyQueens"/>
In the interior of the temple, Nefertari appears in a variety of scenes. She is shown for instance offering to a cow (Hathor) in a papyrus thicket, offering before [[Khnum]], [[Satet|Satis]], and [[Anuket]], the triad of [[Elephantine]], and offering to [[Mut]] and [[Hathor]].<ref name="KitchenRI-2"/>
=== ராணிகளின் சமவெளியில் QV66===
{{முதன்மை|ராணிகளின் சமவெளி}}
[[Image:Ankh isis nefertari.jpg|thumb|right|The goddess [[Hathor]] giving an [[ankh]], representing "life", to Nefertari]]
The tomb of Nefertari, [[QV66]] is one of the largest in the [[Valley of the Queens]]. It is 520 square meters, and covered with pictures of Nefertari. Her husband the pharaoh is not represented in any of the pictures. Nefertari can be seen wearing Greek silver earrings with a labrys design in one of the portraits (see lead image). These would have been sent to her as a gift for diplomatic reasons. The tomb was robbed in antiquity. In 1904 it was rediscovered and excavated by [[Ernesto Schiaparelli]].<ref name="TyldesleyQueens"/> Several items from the tomb, including parts of gold bracelets, shabti figures and a small piece of an earring or pendant are now in the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]]. Additional shabti figures are in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.<ref name="KitchenRI-2"/>
It was reported that a pair of mummified legs found in QV66 and now at the [[Museo Egizio]] of [[Turin]] may indeed be Nefertari's based on the bone structure and the age of the person, which fits the profile of Nefertari.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0166571|title=Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=11|pages=e0166571|publisher=PLOS ONE|date=November 30, 2016|accessdate=February 15, 2017|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0166571|pmid=27902731|last1=Habicht|first1=Michael E.|last2=Bianucci|first2=Raffaella|last3=Buckley|first3=Stephen A.|last4=Fletcher|first4=Joann|last5=Bouwman|first5=Abigail S.|last6=Öhrström|first6=Lena M.|last7=Seiler|first7=Roger|last8=Galassi|first8=Francesco M.|last9=Hajdas|first9=Irka|last10=Vassilika|first10=Eleni|last11=Böni|first11=Thomas|last12=Henneberg|first12=Maciej|last13=Rühli|first13=Frank J.|pmc=5130223}}</ref>
==இதனையும் காணக==
* [[ஆட்செப்சுட்டு]]
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