ஆய், பார்வோன்: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

உள்ளடக்கம் நீக்கப்பட்டது உள்ளடக்கம் சேர்க்கப்பட்டது
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'''ஆய்''' ('''Ay'''), [[பண்டைய எகிப்து|பண்டைய எகிப்தின்]] [[புது எகிப்து இராச்சியம்|புது எகிப்திய இராச்சியத்தை]] ஆண்ட [[எகிப்தின் பதினெட்டாம் வம்சம்|பதினெட்டாம் வம்சத்தின்]] இறுதி பார்வோனுக்கு முந்திய [[பார்வோன்]] ஆவார். ஆய் பண்டைய எகிப்தை கிமு 1323&ndash;1319&nbsp; அல்லது கிமு 1327&ndash; அல்லது கிமு 1323&nbsp; வரை 4 ஆண்டுகள் மட்டுமே ஆண்டார்.<ref>Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p. 493</ref> or 1327–1323 BC, depending on which chronology is followed), although he was a close advisor to two and perhaps three of the pharaohs who ruled before him and is thought to have been the [[power behind the throne]] during [[Tutankhamun]]'s reign. Ay's ''[[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|prenomen]]'' or royal name&mdash;Kheperkheperure&mdash;means "Everlasting are the Manifestations of Ra" while his ''[[nomen (Ancient Egypt)|nomen]]'' ''Ay it-netjer'' reads as "Ay, Father of the God".<ref>Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. p136</ref> Records and monuments that can be clearly attributed to Ay are rare, not only due to his short length of reign, but also because his successor, [[Horemheb]], instigated a campaign of ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'' against him and other pharaohs associated with the unpopular [[Amarna Period]].
 
[[File:Block Statue of Ay, ca. 1336-1327 B.C.E. 66.174.1.jpg|thumbnail|[[பார்வோன்]] '''பார்வோன் ஆயின்''' தலைச்சிற்பம், கிமு 1336–1327, புருக்ளீன் அருங்காட்சியகம்]]
==வரலாறு==
எகிப்தின் பதினெட்டாம் வம்சத்தின் இறுதி இரு [[பார்வோன்|மன்னர்களான]] ஆய் மற்றும் '''ஹோரம்ஹேப்''' ஆகியோர் பார்வோன் [[துட்டன்காமன்]] அரண்மனை அதிகாரிகளாக இருந்தவர்கள். மன்னர் [[துட்டன்காமன்|துட்டகாமனின்]] விதவைச் சகோதரியை மணந்தவர் ஆய். துட்டன்காமனுக்குப் பின்னர் எகிப்தின் அரியணை ஏறிய ஆய், வாரிசு இன்றி குறுகிய காலம் மட்டுமே ஆண்டார். மன்னர் ஆய்யை, எகிப்தின் படைத்தலைவர் ஹோரேம்ஹெப், இராணுவப் புரட்சியின் மூலம், ஆய்யை அரியணையிலிருந்து நீக்கி தானே எகிப்தின் மன்னரானார். ஆண் குழந்தை இல்லாத மனன்ர் ஹோரேம்ஹெப், ''[[முதலாம் ராமேசஸ்]]'' என்பவரை தனது வாரிசாக அறிவித்து இறந்தார்.கிமு 1292-இல் அரியணை ஏறிய '''முதலாம் ராமேசஸ்''' [[எகிப்தின் பத்தொன்பதாம் வம்சம்|19-ஆம் வம்ச]] [[பார்வோன்]] ஆக முடிசூட்டிக் கொண்டார்.
 
[[File:Limestone fragment showing 2 cartouches bearing the throne-name (left) and birth-name and the epithet "god's father Ay the god the ruler of Thebes" (right) of Ay. From Egypt. 18th Dynasty. Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology.jpg|thumb|left|எகிப்திய [[பார்வோன்]] மற்றும் தலைமை பூசாரியுமான '''ஆய்'''-யின் [[சுண்ணாம்புக்கலவை]]ச் சிற்பங்கள்]]
 
==Origins and family==
Ay is believed to have been from [[Akhmim]]. During his short reign, he built a rock cut chapel in Akhmim and dedicated it to the local deity [[Min (god)|Min]]. He may have been the son of the courtier [[Yuya]] and his wife [[Tjuyu]], making him a brother of [[Tiye]] and [[Anen]].<ref name="Aldred 1957">{{cite journal |last1=Aldred |first1=Cyril |title=The End of the El-'Amarna Period |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |date=December 1957 |volume=43 |page=33 |doi=10.2307/3855276}}</ref> This connection is based on the fact that both Yuya and Ay came from Akhmim and held the titles 'God's Father' and 'Master of Horses'. A strong physical resemblance has been noted between the mummy of Yuya and surviving statuary depictions of Ay.<ref name="Aldred 1957"/> The mummy of Ay has not been located, although fragmentary skeletal remains recovered from his tomb may represent it,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schaden |first1=Otto J. |title=Clearance of the Tomb of King Ay (WV-23) |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |date=1984 |volume=21 |page=58 |doi=10.2307/40000956}}</ref> so a more thorough comparison with Yuya cannot be made. Therefore, the theory that he was the son of Yuya rests entirely on circumstantial evidence.
 
Ay's [[Great Royal Wife]] was [[Tey]], who was known to be the wet nurse to [[Nefertiti]]. It is often theorised that Ay was the father of Nefertiti as a way to explain his title 'God's Father' as it has been argued that the term designates a man whose daughter married the king. However, nowhere are Ay and Tey referred to as the parents of Nefertiti.<ref name="Dijk 1996 31-32">{{cite journal |last1=van Dijk |first1=J. |title=Horemheb and the Struggle for the Throne of Tutankhamun |journal=Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology |date=1996 |pages=31–32 |url=http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/BACE_7.pdf |accessdate=15 September 2019}}</ref>
 
[[Nakhtmin]], Ay's chosen successor, was likely his son or grandson. His mother's name was Iuy, a priestess of Min and Isis in Akhmim.<ref name="Dijk 1996 33">{{cite journal |last1=van Dijk |first1=J. |title=Horemheb and the Struggle for the Throne of Tutankhamun |journal=Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology |date=1996 |page=33 |url=http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/BACE_7.pdf |accessdate=15 September 2019}}</ref> She may have been Ay's first wife.
 
==Amarna Period==
[[File:Ay receiving the Gold of Honor.jpg|thumb|170px|A stone block shows Ay receiving the "Gold of Honor" award in his Amarna tomb from [[Akhenaten]].]]
All that is known for certain was that by the time he was permitted to build a tomb for himself ([[Southern Tomb 25]]) at [[Amarna]] during the reign of [[Akhenaten]], he had achieved the title of "Overseer of All the Horses of His Majesty", the highest rank in the elite charioteering division of the army, which was just below the rank of [[General Officer|General]].<ref>Hindley, Marshall. ''Featured Pharaoh: The God's Father Ay'', <cite>Ancient Egypt</cite>, April/May 2006. p. 27–28.</ref> Prior to this promotion he appears to have been first a Troop Commander and then a "regular" Overseer of Horses, titles which were found on a box thought to have been part of the original furnishings for his tomb.<ref name="Sunset 95">Dodson, Aidan. <cite>Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation</cite>. p. 95 The American University in Cairo Press. 2009, {{ISBN|978-977-416-304-3}}</ref> Other titles listed in this tomb include ''[[Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King]]'', ''Acting Scribe of the King, beloved by him'', and ''God's Father''. The 'Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King' was a very important position, and is viewed as showing that the bearer had the 'ear' of the ruler. The final ''God's Father'' title is the one most associated with Ay, and was later incorporated into his royal name when he became pharaoh.<ref name="Sunset 95"/>
 
This title could mean that he was the father-in-law of the pharaoh, suggesting that he was the son of [[Yuya]] and [[Tjuyu]], thus being a brother or half-brother of [[Tiye]], brother-in-law to [[Amenhotep III]] and the maternal uncle of Akhenaten. Instead, the title may indicate that Ay was the tutor of Tutankhamun.<ref name="Dijk 1996 31-32">{{cite journal |last1=van Dijk |first1=J. |title=Horemheb and the Struggle for the Throne of Tutankhamun |journal=Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology |date=1996 |pages=31–32 |url=http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/BACE_7.pdf |accessdate=15 September 2019}}</ref> If Ay was the son of Yuya, who was a senior military officer during the reign of Amenhotep III, then he likely followed in his father's footsteps, finally inheriting his father's military functions upon his death. Alternatively, it could also mean that he may have had a daughter that married the pharaoh Akhenaten, possibly being the father of Akhenaten's chief wife [[Nefertiti]]. Ultimately there is no evidence to definitively prove either hypothesis.<ref name="Sunset 96">Dodson, Aidan. <cite>Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation</cite>. p96 The American University in Cairo Press. 2009, {{ISBN|978-977-416-304-3}}</ref> The two theories are not mutually exclusive, but either relationship would explain the exalted status to which Ay rose during Akhenaten's [[Amarna period|Amarna interlude]], when the royal family turned their backs on Egypt's traditional gods and experimented, for a dozen years or so, with an early form of [[monotheism]]; an experiment that, whether out of conviction or convenience, Ay appears to have followed under the reign of Akhenaten.
 
The [[Great Hymn to the Aten]] is also found in his Amarna tomb which was built during his service under Akhenaten. His wife [[Tey]] was born a commoner but was given the title ''Nurse of the Pharaoh's Great Wife''.<ref name="Sunset 96"/> If she were the mother of [[Nefertiti]] she would be expected to have the royal title ''Mother of the Pharaoh's Great Wife'' instead; had Ay been the father of Nefertiti, then Tey would have been her stepmother.<ref name="Sunset 96"/> In several Amarna tomb chapels there is a woman whose name begins with "Mut" who had the title ''Sister of the Pharaoh's Great Wife''. This could also be a daughter of Ay's by his wife Tey, and it is known that his successor Horemheb married a woman with the name Mutnodjimet.<ref name="Sunset 98">Dodson, Aidan.<cite>Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation</cite>. p. 98 The American University in Cairo Press. 2009, {{ISBN|978-977-416-304-3}}</ref>
 
==துட்டன்காமன்==
{{முதன்மை|துட்டன்காமன்}}
[[File:Opening of the Mouth - Tutankhamun and Aja.jpg|thumb|துட்டன் காமன்|துட்டன்காமனின்]] வாய்திறப்புச் சடங்கு செய்யும் பார்வோன் ஆய்]]
 
 
Ay's reign was preceded by that of [[Tutankhamun]], who ascended to the throne at the age of eight or nine, at a time of great tension between the new monotheism and the old polytheism. He was assisted in his kingly duties by his predecessor's two closest advisors: [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Grand Vizier]] Ay and General of the Armies [[Horemheb]]. Tutankhamun's nine-year reign, largely under Ay's direction, saw the return of the old gods &ndash; and, with that, the restoration of the power of the Amun priesthood, who had lost their influence over Egypt under Akhenaten.
 
Egyptologist [[Bob Brier]] suggested that Ay murdered Tutankhamun in order to usurp the throne, a claim which was based on X-ray examinations of the body done in 1968. He also alleged that [[Ankhesenamun]] and the Hittite prince she was about to marry were also murdered at his orders.<ref name="Brier 1998">{{cite book |last1=Brier |first1=Bob |title=The murder of Tutankhamen : a true story |date=1998 |publisher=Putnam |isbn=0399143831 |edition=Hardcover |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/murderoftutankha00brie }}</ref> This murder theory was not accepted by all scholars, and further analysis of the x-rays, along with [[CT scan]]s taken in 2005, found no evidence to suggest that Tutankhamun died from a blow to the head as Brier had theorized.<ref name="Boyer et al skull spine">{{cite journal |last1=Boyer |first1=RS |last2=Rodin |first2=EA |last3=Grey |first3=TC |last4=Connolly |first4=RC |title=The skull and cervical spine radiographs of Tutankhamen: a critical appraisal. |journal=AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology |date=2003 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1142–7 |pmid=12812942 |url=http://www.ajnr.org/content/ajnr/24/6/1142.full.pdf |accessdate=15 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hawass |first1=Zahi |last2=Saleem |first2=Sahar N. |title=Scanning the Pharaohs : CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies |date=2016 |publisher=The American University in Cairo |isbn=978-977-416-673-0 |pages=101–102}}</ref>
In 2010, a team led by [[Zahi Hawass]] reported that the young king had died from a combination of a broken leg, [[malaria]] and [[Köhler disease]]<ref name="Hawass et al 2010 646">{{cite journal |last1=Hawass |first1=Zahi |title=Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family |journal=JAMA |date=17 February 2010 |volume=303 |issue=7 |pages=638–47 |doi=10.1001/jama.2010.121 |pmid=20159872 |url=http://www.leben-in-luxor.de/docs/Hawass_Ancestry_and_Pathology_joc05008_638_647.pdf |accessdate=27 August 2019}}</ref> but another team from the [[Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine]] in [[Hamburg]] believes his death was caused by [[sickle cell disease]].<ref name="Timmann Meyer 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Timmann |first1=Christian |title=King Tutankhamun’s Family and Demise |journal=JAMA |date=23 June 2010 |volume=303 |issue=24 |pages=2471 |doi=10.1001/jama.2010.822}}</ref>
 
Ay buried his young predecessor, as depicted on the wall of Tutankhamun's burial chamber. The explicit depiction of a succeeding king conducting the "Opening of the Mouth" ceremony of another is unique; the depictions are usually more generic.<ref name="dodson 2018 94">{{cite book |last1=Dodson |first1=Aidan |title=Amarna sunset : Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian counter-reformation |date=2018 |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |location=New York |isbn=978-977-416-859-8 |page=94 |edition= Revised }}</ref>
 
Ay was buried in the tomb intended for Tutankhamun in the West Valley of the Kings ([[WV23]]), and Tutankhamun was interred in Ay's intended tomb in the East Valley of the Kings ([[KV62]]).
 
==Rule as pharaoh==
[[File:Kheperkheperure Ay.jpg|left|thumb|x230px|Faience plate with the complete royal titulary of Ay, [[Egyptian Museum]].]]
[[File:ReliefWithNameOfAy-PetrieMuseum-August21-08.jpg|thumb|150px|Fragment of a cartouche of Ay in the [[Petrie Museum]].]]
Tutankhamun's death around the age of 18 or 19, together with the fact he had no living children, left a power vacuum that his Grand Vizier Ay was quick to fill: Ay is depicted conducting the funerary rites for the deceased monarch and assuming the role of heir. The grounds on which Ay based his successful claim to power are not entirely clear. The Commander of the Army, [[Horemheb]], had actually been designated as the "idnw" or "Deputy of the Lord of the Two Lands" under Tutankhamun and was presumed to be the boy king's heir apparent and successor.<ref>Peter J. Brand, ''The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical and Art Historical Analysis'', Brill, NV Leiden, (2000), p. 311</ref> It appears that Horemheb was outmaneuvered to the throne by Ay, who legitimized his claim to the throne by burying Tutankhamun, as well as possibly marrying [[Ankhesenamun]], Tutankhamun's widow.
 
Since he was already advanced in age upon his accession, Ay ruled Egypt in his own right for only four years. During this period, he consolidated the return to the old religious ways that he had initiated as senior advisor and constructed a mortuary temple at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]] for his own use. A stela of [[Nakhtmin]] (Berlin 2074), a military officer under Tutankhamun and Ay—who was Ay's chosen successor—is dated to '''Year 4, IV Akhet day 1''' of Ay's reign.<ref>Urk IV: 2110</ref> [[Manetho]]'s Epitome assigns a reign length of four years and one month to Horemheb, and this was usually assigned to Ay based on this Year 4 dated stela; however, it is now believed that figure should be raised by a decade to fourteen years and one month and attributed to Horemheb instead, as Manetho intended. Hence, Ay's precise reign length is unknown and he could have ruled for as long as seven to nine years, since most of his monuments and his funerary temple at Medinet Habu were either destroyed or usurped by his successor, [[Horemheb]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
 
==Royal succession==
[[File:Royal couple-MAHG 12440-IMG 9577-detail.JPG|thumb|Portrait of King Ay, on display at [[Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva)|Musée d'Art et d'Histoire of Geneva]]. Detail of a statue of the royal couple of king Ay and Queen Tey, the fragment depicting Tey being a reproduction of a piece now located at the Hermitage in Saint-Petersburg (inv 18477).]]
 
Prior to his death, Ay designated Nakhtmin to succeed him as pharaoh. However, Ay's succession plan went awry, as Horemheb became the last king of Egypt's 18th Dynasty instead of Nakhtmin. The fact that Nakhtmin was Ay's intended heir is strongly implied by an inscription carved on a dyad funerary statue of Nakhtmin and his spouse which was presumably made during Ay's reign. Nakhtmin is clearly given the titles "Crown Prince" ([[Iry-pat|jrj-pꜥt]]) and "King's Son" ([[wikt:zꜣ-nswt|zꜣ-nswt]]).<ref>Wolfgang Helck, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Texte der Hefte 20-21 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1984), pp. 1908–1910</ref> The only conclusion which can be drawn here is that Nakhtmin was either a son or an adopted son of Ay's, and that Ay was grooming Nakhtmin for the royal succession instead of Horemheb. Egyptologists Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton observe that the aforementioned statue:
{{quote|... is broken after the signs for "King's Son of", and there has been considerable debate as to whether it continued to say "Kush", making Nakhtmin a Viceroy of Nubia, or "of his body", making him an actual royal son. Since there is no other evidence for Nakhtmin as a Viceroy—with another man [Paser I][http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Viceroy_of_Kush_(or_Nubia).html] attested in office at this period as well—the latter suggestion seems the most likely. As Nakhtmin donated items to the burial of Tutankhamun without such a title, it follows that he only became a King's Son subsequently, presumably under Ay. This theory is supported by the evidence of intentional damage to Nakhtmin's statue, since Ay was amongst the Amarna pharaohs whose memories were execrated under later rulers.<ref>Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, (2004), p. 151</ref>}}
 
==Aftermath==
[[File:WV23 by Mutnedjmet.jpg|thumb|175px|The burial chamber of Ay's tomb in the Valley of the Kings]]
It appears that one of Horemheb's undertakings as Pharaoh was to eliminate all references to the monotheistic experiment, a process that included expunging the name of his immediate predecessors, especially Ay, from the historical record. Horemheb desecrated Ay's burial and had most of Ay's royal cartouches in his [[WV23]] tomb erased while his sarcophagus was smashed into numerous fragments.<ref>[[Bertha Porter]], Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyph Texts, Vol 1, Part 2, Oxford Clarendon Press, (1960), Tomb 23, pp. 550–551</ref> However, the intact sarcophagus lid was discovered in 1972 by [[Otto Schaden]]. The lid had been buried under debris in this king's tomb and still preserved Ay's cartouche.<ref>Otto Schaden, Clearance of the Tomb of King Ay (WV 23), JARCE 21(1984) pp.39–64</ref> Horemheb also usurped Ay's mortuary temple at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]] for his own use. Uvo Hölscher (1878–1963) who excavated the temple in the early 1930s provides these interesting details concerning the state of Ay-Horemheb's mortuary temple:
{{quote|Wherever a cartouche has been preserved, the name of Eye [i.e., Ay] has been erased and replaced by that of his successor Harmhab. In all but a single instance had it been overlooked and no change made. Thus the temple, which Eye had begun and finished, at least in the rear rooms with their fine paintings, was usurped by his successor and was thenceforth known as the temple of Harmhab. Seals on stoppers of wine jars from the temple magazines read: "Wine from the temple of Harmhab".<ref>Uvo Hölscher, Excavations at Ancient Thebes 1930/31, pp. 50–51</ref>}}
 
==In fiction==
*Ay appears as a villain in the 17th book in Lucien de Gieter's ''Papyrus'' comic book series (''Tutankhamun, The Assassinated Pharaoh'').{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
*Ay appears as a major character in [[Paul C. Doherty]]'s trilogy of Ancient Egyptian novels, ''An Evil Spirit Out of the West'', ''The Season of the Hyaena'' and ''The Year of the Cobra''. {{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
*Kerry Greenwood's novel, ''Out of the Black Land'', features him as a greedy villain whose sole goal was accruing wealth.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
*He is a character in [[Wolfgang Hohlbein]]'s ''Die Prophezeihung'' (''The Prophecy'').{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
*He is also a major character in [[Michelle Moran]]'s bestselling novel ''Nefertiti''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
*Ay is the villain of Lucile Morrison's young adult novel ''The Lost Queen of Egypt'' (1937).{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
*He is also a character in Mika Waltari's historical novel ''[[The Egyptian]]'', again depicted as immoral and villainous.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}
*Ay serves as a central character in ''[[Tut (miniseries)|Tut]]'', portrayed by [[Ben Kingsley]].
*Ay is a minor character in the time travel to the 18th dynasty in ''[[Mr. Peabody & Sherman]]''
*Ay is a central character in [[Gwendolyn MacEwen]]'s novel ''King of Egypt, King of Dreams'', where he is portrayed as one of Akhenaten's closest confidants, spiritual antagonists, and supporters.<ref>{{cite book|last1=MacEwen|first1=Gwendolyn|title=King of Egypt, King of Dreams|date=1971|publisher=Macmillan|location=Toronto}}</ref> The novel also presents Ay as Tiye's brother and one time lover, and it is suggested that he, rather than Amenhotep III, may Akhenaten's father. Much of the novel is told from Ay's perspective as he reluctantly attempts to navigate the changes of the Amarna period, and the second to last chapter is his memoir/confession near the end of his pharaonic reign, in which Ay admits to killing the ailing and blind Akhenaten at the dying pharaoh's request.
 
==இதனையும் காண்க==
வரி 99 ⟶ 37:
{{Reflist}}
 
==மேலும் படிக்க==
* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, MÄS 46 (Philip von Zabern, Mainz: 1997), pp.&nbsp;201
 
 
{{எகிப்திய பார்வோன்கள்}}
 
{{எகிப்திய பார்வோன்கள்}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ay}}
[[Category:கிமு 1320 இறப்புகள்]]
[[பகுப்பு:எகிப்திய மன்னர்கள்]]
"https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/ஆய்,_பார்வோன்" இலிருந்து மீள்விக்கப்பட்டது