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'''தேர் எல் பகாரி''' ('''Deir el-Bahari''' or '''Dayr al-Bahri''') ({{lang-ar|الدير البحري}} எகிப்தின் லக்சர் ஆளுநனரகத்தில் பாயும் [[நைல் நதி]]யின் மேற்கு கரையில் அமைந்த [[அல்-உக்சுர்]] நகரத்திற்கு அருகே அமைந்த [[பண்டைய எகிப்து|பண்டைய எகிப்திய]] [[பார்வோன்]]களின் கல்லறைக் கோயில்கள் மற்றும் [[பண்டைய எகிப்தியக் கடவுள்கள்|எகிப்தியக் கடவுள்களின்]] கோயில்கள் கொண்ட இடமாகும். இது [[தீபை]] நகரத்திற்கு வெகு அருகில் உள்ளது.
தேர் எல் பகாரியில் [[எகிப்தின் பதினொன்றாம் வம்சம்|பதினொன்றாம் வம்ச]] [[பார்வோன்]] [[இரண்டாம் மெண்டுகோதேப்மெண்டுகொதேப்]] மற்றும் எகிப்திய அரசி [[ஆட்செப்சுட்டு]]வின் கல்லறைக் கோயில்கள் உள்ளது. மேலும் இங்கு [[எகிப்தின் பதினெட்டாம் வம்சம்|பதினெட்டாம் வம்ச]] பார்வோன்களான [[மூன்றாம் தூத்மோஸ்]] மற்றும் [[முதலாம் அமென்கோதேப்]] ஆகியோர் [[பண்டைய எகிப்தியக் கடவுள்கள்|எகிப்தியக் கடவுள்களுக்கு]] பெரிய அளவில் நிறுவிய [[பண்டைய எகிப்தியக் கட்டிடக்கலை|கோயில்கள் மற்றும் கட்டிடங்கள்]] உள்ளது..<ref name="Trachtenberg">{{cite book |last = Trachtenberg
1979-இல் '''தேர் எல் பகாரி'''யின் பண்டைய கட்டிடத் தொகுதிகளை [[யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரியக் களம்|யுனேஸ்கோ உலகப் பாரம்பரியக் களமாக]] அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. ▼
==Mortuary temple of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep==
[[Image:GD-EG-Deir el Bahari-map.png|thumb|right|Site plan of Deir el-Bahari.]] ▼[[Mentuhotep II]], the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh Dynasty]] king who reunited Egypt at the beginning of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], built a very unusual funerary complex. His mortuary temple was built on several levels in the great bay at Deir el-Bahari. It was approached by a 16-metre-wide (150-ft) causeway leading from a valley temple which no longer exists.
The mortuary temple itself consists of a forecourt and entrance gate, enclosed by walls on three sides, and a terrace on which stands a large square structure that may represent the [[Egyptian mythology#Origin myths|primeval mound]] that arose from the waters of chaos. As the temple faces east, the structure is likely to be connected with the sun cult of [[Rê]] and the resurrection of the king.
From the eastern part of the forecourt, an opening called the Bab el-Hosan ('Gate of the Horseman') leads to an underground passage and an unfinished tomb or cenotaph containing a seated statue of the king. On the western side, tamarisk and sycamore trees were planted beside the ramp leading up to the terrace. At the back of the forecourt and terrace are colonnades decorated in relief with boat processions, hunts, and scenes showing the king's military achievements.
Statues of the Twelfth Dynasty king [[Senusret III]] were found here too.
The inner part of the temple was actually cut into the cliff and consists of a peristyle court, a hypostyle hall and an underground passage leading into the tomb itself. The cult of the dead king centred on the small shrine cut into the rear of the Hypostyle Hall.
The [[mastaba]]-like structure on the terrace is surrounded by a pillared ambulatory along the west wall, where the statue shrines and tombs of several royal wives and daughters were found. These royal princesses were the priestesses of [[Hathor]], one of the main ancient Egyptian funerary deities. Although little remained of the king's own burial, six sarcophagi were retrieved from the tombs of the royal ladies ([[Ashayet]], [[Henhenet]], [[Kawit (queen)|Kawit]], [[Kemsit]], [[Muyet]] and [[Sadhe (queen)|Sadhe]]). Each was formed of six slabs, held together at the corners by metal braces and carved in sunken relief. The sarcophagus of Queen Kawit, now in the [[Cairo Museum]], is particularly fine.
The burial shaft and subsequent tunnel descend for 150 meters and end in a burial chamber 45 meters below the court. The chamber held a shrine, which once held the wooden coffin of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep. A great tree-lined court was reached by means of the processional causeway, leading up from the valley temple. Beneath the court, a deep shaft was cut which led to unfinished rooms believed to have been intended originally as the king's tomb. A wrapped image of the pharaoh was discovered in this area by [[Howard Carter]]. The temple complex also held six mortuary chapels and shaft tombs built for the pharaoh's wives and daughters.
==Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut==
[[File:Copper plate, probably part of an axe-blade, showing cartouche of Hatshepsut. Foundation deposit in a small pit covered with a mat, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|Copper plate, probably part of an axe-blade, showing cartouche of Hatshepsut. Foundation deposit in a small pit covered with a mat, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]] ▼{{main|Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut}}
The focal point of the Deir el-Bahari complex is the ''Djeser-Djeseru'' meaning "the Holy of Holies", the Mortuary Temple of [[Hatshepsut]]. It is a colonnaded structure, which was designed and implemented by [[Senenmut]], royal steward and architect of [[Hatshepsut]] (and believed by some to be her lover){{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}, to serve for her posthumous worship and to honor the glory of [[Amun]].
Djeser-Djeseru sits atop a series of colonnaded terraces, reached by long ramps that once were graced with gardens.<ref name="PlanetLee2018">{{cite book|author1=Lonely Planet|author2=Jessica Lee|author3=Anthony Sattin|title=Lonely Planet Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkljDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT370|date=1 July 2018|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-78701-904-1|pages=370–}}</ref> It is built into a cliff face that rises sharply above it, and is largely considered to be one of the ''"incomparable monuments of ancient Egypt"''.<ref name="Trachtenberg">{{cite book |last = Trachtenberg
|first = Marvin
|author2 = Isabelle Hyman
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/architecturefrom00trac_0/page/71
}}</ref> It is {{convert|97|ft|m|0}} tall.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}
▲1979-இல் '''தேர் எல் பகாரி'''யின் பண்டைய கட்டிடத் தொகுதிகளை [[யுனெஸ்கோ உலக பாரம்பரியக் களம்|யுனேஸ்கோ உலகப் பாரம்பரியக் களமாக]] அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
The unusual form of Hatshepsut's temple is explained by the choice of location, in the valley basin of Deir el-Bahari, surrounded by steep cliffs. It was here, in about 2050 BC, that [[Mentuhotep II]], the founder of the Middle Kingdom, laid out his sloping, terrace-shaped [[Mentuhotep II#The Mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II|mortuary temple]]. The pillared galleries at either side of the central ramp of the ''Djeser Djeseru'' correspond to the pillar positions on two successive levels of the Temple of Mentuhotep.
Today the terraces of Deir el-Bahari only convey a faint impression of the original intentions of Senenmut. Most of the statue ornaments are missing - the statues of [[Osiris]] in front of the pillars of the upper colonnade, the [[sphinx]] avenues in front of the court, and the standing, sitting, and kneeling figures of Hatshepsut; these were destroyed in a posthumous condemnation of this pharaoh. The architecture of the temple has been considerably altered as a result of misguided reconstruction in the early twentieth century A.D.
===Architecture===
[[Image:Luxor, sanctuary inside Temple of Hatshepsut, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sanctuary doorways]]
While Hatshepsut used Menuhotep's temple as a model, the two structures are significantly different. Hatshepsut employed a lengthy colonnaded terrace that deviated from the centralized massing of Menuhotep's model – an anomaly that may be caused by the decentralized location of her burial chamber.<ref name="Trachtenberg" />
There are three layered terraces reaching {{convert|97|ft|m|0}} in height. Each ‘story’ is articulated by a double colonnade of square piers, with the exception of the northwest corner of the central terrace, which employs Proto-Doric columns to house the chapel.
These terraces are connected by long ramps which were once surrounded by gardens. The layering of Hatshepsut's temple corresponds with the classical Theban form, employing [[Pylon (architecture)|pylon]], [[courts]], [[hypostyle hall]], sun court, [[chapel]], and [[sanctuary]].
The relief sculpture within Hatshepsut's temple recites the tale of the divine birth of the pharaoh. The text and pictorial cycle also tell of an expedition to the [[Land of Punt]], an exotic country on the Red Sea coast.
On either side of the entrance to the sanctuary ''(shown right)'' are painted pillars with images of [[Hathor]] as the capitals. Just under the roof is an image of [[Wadjet]], displayed as a bilateral solar symbol, flanked by two other long serpents.
The temple includes an image, shown to the right, of Hatshepsut depicted as male pharaoh giving offerings to [[Horus]], and to their left, an animal skin wound around a tall staff that is a symbol of the god [[Osiris]].
While the statues and ornamentation have since been stolen or destroyed, the temple once was home to two statues of [[Osiris]], a long avenue lined by [[sphinx]]es, as well as many sculptures of pharaoh Hatshepsut in different attitudes – standing, sitting, or kneeling.
==Mortuary Temple of Thutmose III==
{{See also|Temple of Thutmose III}}
Thutmose III built a temple complex here, dedicated to Amun. Discovered in 1961, it is believed to have been used during the [[Beautiful festival of the valley]]. Not much is known about the complex, as it was abandoned after sustaining severe damage during a landslide in the latter [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt|Twentieth Dynasty]]. After that, it was used as a source of building materials and in Christian times became the site of a Coptic cemetery.
==Royal and non-royal tombs==
[[File:Jar bearing the cartouche of Hatshepsut. Filled in with cedar resin. Calcite, unfinished. Foundation deposit. 18th Dynasty. From Deir el-Bahari, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|Jar bearing the cartouche of Hatshepsut. Filled in with cedar resin. Calcite, unfinished. Foundation deposit. 18th Dynasty. From Deir el-Bahari, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
A [[DB320|tomb (TT320)]] in a hidden recess in the cliffs to the south of the temples contained a cache of forty royal mummies, moved there from the [[Valley of the Kings]]. The bodies had been placed there by [[Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-first Dynasty]] priests, most likely to prevent further desecration and looting. The tomb was probably originally built for priests of the 21st Dynasty, most likely the family of [[Pinedjem II]].
In the cache were found the mummies of [[Ahmose I]], along with the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasty leaders [[Amenhotep I]], [[Thutmose I]], [[Thutmose II]], [[Thutmose III]], [[Ramesses I]], [[Seti I]], [[Ramesses II]], and [[Ramesses IX]]. In a separate room were found Twenty-first dynasty [[High Priests of Amun at Thebes|High Priests]] and pharaohs [[Pinedjem I]], [[Pinedjem II]], and [[Siamun]]. Later on, a cache of 153 reburied mummies of the priests themselves also were found in a tomb at the site.
Private tombs dating from the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] through the [[Ptolemaic period]] are also situated here. There are two most notable private tombs at Deir el-Bahari. The first is that of [[Meketre]] ([[TT280]]), which contains many painted wooden funerary models from the Middle Kingdom and the first recorded human-headed [[canopic jar]].
The second, the "secret" tomb of [[Senenmut]]—the architect and steward who oversaw the construction of the temple for Hatshepsut—was begun in the complex also. Senenmut's tomb was vandalized in antiquity, but some of the relief artwork is still intact. It was meant to be a very large tomb and its corridors are over 100 yards (92 m) long. However, it was never finished and Senenmut was not interred there. He has another tomb, not far from Deir el-Bahari, where his body may have been placed, but it, too, was vandalized and robbed.
A large area of non-royal tombs in this vicinity is called [[Sheikh Abd el-Qurna]].
▲[[Image:GD-EG-Deir el Bahari-map.png|thumb|right| Siteதேர் planஎல் ofபகாரி Deirகளத்தின் el-Bahari.வரைபடம்]]
The discovery of the mummies cache is depicted in the Egyptian movie ''[[The Night of Counting the Years]]'' (1969).
== Stone chest ==
Archeologists from [[University of Warsaw|Warsaw University]]’s Institute of Archaeology led by Andrzej Niwiński have discovered a treasure chest and a wooden box dated 3,500 years back in the Egyptian site of Deir el-Bahari in March 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/thutmose-ii-0013403|title=Treasure Chest Found in Egypt Reveals Clues to Thutmose II’s Lost Tomb|last=Whelan|first=Ed|website=www.ancient-origins.net|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/stone-chest-found-in-ancient-temple-and-containing-skeleton-of-a-sacrificial-goose-could-lead-to-hidden-royal-tomb-10980|title=Stone chest found in ancient temple and containing skeleton of a sacrificial goose could lead to hidden royal tomb|website=www.thefirstnews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>
▲[[File:Copper plate, probably part of an axe-blade, showing cartouche of Hatshepsut. Foundation deposit in a small pit covered with a mat, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb| Copperஇராணி plate,[[ஆட்செப்சுட்டு]]வின் probablyபெயர் partபொறித்த ofசெப்புப் an axe-blade, showing cartouche of Hatshepsut. Foundation deposit in a small pit covered with a mat, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, Londonபாத்திரம்]]
The stone chest consisted of several items and all of them covered with linen canvas. Three bundles of flax were found during the excavation. A goose skeleton was found inside one of them, sacrificed for religious purposes. The second one included goose eggs. It is believed that what the third bundle contained was an ibis egg which had a symbolic meaning for the ancient Egyptians.In addition, a little wooden trinket box was discovered inside the bundle, believed to contain the name Pharaoh [[Thutmose II]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Jar bearing the cartouche of Hatshepsut. Filled in with cedar resin. Calcite, unfinished. Foundation deposit. 18th Dynasty. From Deir el-Bahari, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|[[எகிப்தின் பதினெட்டாம் வம்சம்|பதினெட்டாம் வம்ச]] காலத்தவர்களின் ஜாடி]]
According to the Andrzej Niwiński, “The chest itself is about 40 cm long, with a slight smaller height. It was perfectly camouflaged, looked like an ordinary stone block. Only after a closer look did it turn out to be a chest.”<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==படக்காட்சிகள்==
[[பகுப்பு:பண்டைய நகரங்கள்]]
[[பகுப்பு:எகிப்திய நகரங்கள்]]
[[பகுப்பு:எகிப்தின் உலகப் பாரம்பரியக் களங்கள்]]
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