மூன்றாம் செனுஸ்ரெத்: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

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"{{Infobox pharaoh | name=மூன்றாம் செனுஸ..."-இப்பெயரில் புதிய பக்கம் உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது
 
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வரிசை 8:
| prenomen_hiero=<hiero>ra-N28-D28*D28:D28</hiero>
| prenomen=Khakaure<br>''Ḫˁj-k3w-Rˁ''<br>''The [[Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul#Ka|Kas]] of [[Ra]] have appeared''<br>
| reign=கிமு 1878 &ndash; 1839 BC
| predecessor=[[இரண்டாம் செனுஸ்ரெத்]]
| successor=[[மூன்றாம் அமெனம்ஹத்]]
| dynasty=[[எகிப்தின் பனிரெண்டாம் வம்சம்|12-ஆம்பனிரெண்டாம் வம்சம்]]
| death_date= 1839 BC
| monuments= புகென் மற்றும் தோசகா
வரிசை 26:
| burial = {{coord|29|49|9|N|31|13|32|E|type:landmark_region:EG_dim:90|display=inline}}
}}
'''மூன்றாம் செனுஸ்ரெத்''' ('''Khakaure Senusret III''' (also written as '''Senwosret III''' or the hellenised form, '''Sesostris III''') [[பண்டைய எகிப்து|பண்டைய எகிப்தின்]] [[பழைய எகிப்து இராச்சியம்|பழைய இராச்சியத்தை]] ஆண்ட [[எகிப்தின் பனிரெண்டாம் வம்சம்|12-ஆம் வம்சத்தின்]] ஐந்தாம் [[பார்வோன்|மன்னர்]] ஆவார். இவர் பழைய எகிப்திய இராச்சியத்தை கிமு 1878 முதல் கிமு 1839 முடிய 39 ஆண்டுகள் ஆட்சி செய்தார். <ref>Kim S. B. Ryholt, ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 B.C.'', Museum Tusculanum Press, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications 20, 1997. p.185</ref>செம்பிரமிடுக்கு அருகில் இவரது கல்லறைகல்லறைப் [[பிரமிடு]] பண்டைய [[தச்சூர்]] நகரத்தில் உள்ளது. <ref>Katheryn A. Bard, ''Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt'', Routledge 1999, p.107</ref> தங்கள் வாழ்நாளில் ஒரு வழிபாட்டுடன் கௌரவிக்கப்பட்ட சில பண்டைய எகிப்திய மன்னர்களில், மூன்றாம் செனுஸ்ரேத்தும் ஒருவருவராகக் கருதப்படுகிறார்.<ref>"''The Oxford Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology"'', Edited by [[Donald B. Redford]], p. 85, Berkley, 2003, {{ISBN|0-425-19096-X}}</ref> இவர் [[நூபியா]] மீது 4 முறை படையெடுத்தவர்.<ref>J. H. Breasted, ''Ancient Records of Egypt'', Part One, Chicago 1906, &sect;&sect;640-673</ref>இவரது Hisஎட்டாம் Yearஆண்டு 8கல்வெட்டில், stelaநூபியா|நூபியர்களை]] atவெற்றி Semnaகொண்டதை documentsகுறித்துள்ளார். his victories against<ref>J.H. the NubiansBreasted, through&sect;652</ref>மூன்றாம் whichசெனுஸ்ரெத் he[[நைல் isநதி]]யில் thought toகால்வாய்களை haveவெட்டிப் madeபடகுப் safeபோக்குவரத்திற்கு the southern frontier, preventing further incursions into Egyptமேற்கொண்டார்.<ref>J. H. Breasted, ''[[Ancient Records of Egypt]]'', Part One, Chicago 1906, &sect;652&sect;642-648</ref>
 
 
[[File:Senwosret III, ca. 1836-1818 B.C.E. Granite.jpg|thumb|right|Graniteமூன்றாம் statueசெனுஸ்ரெத்தின் ofகருங்கல் Senwosret III - he is shown wearing the nemes headcloth with a cobra image of [[Wadjetசிற்பம்]]
 
 
[[Image:Ancient egyptian border marker (around 1860BC).jpg|thumb|left|ஆண்டு 16 குறித்த மூன்றாம் செனுஸ்ரெத்தின் கல்வெட்டு]]
 
மூன்றாம் செனுஸ்ரெத் நைல் நதி]]யில் கால்வாய்களை வெட்டிப் படகுப் போக்குவரத்திற்கு மேற்கொண்டார்.<ref>J. H. Breasted, ''[[Ancient Records of Egypt]]'', Part One, Chicago 1906, &sect;&sect;642-648</ref>
 
[[File:StatueOfSesotrisIII-EA684-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|thumb| மூன்றாம் செனுஸ்ரெத்தின் சிலை, பிரித்தானிய அருங்காட்சியகம்]]
 
 
[[Image:Ancient egyptian border marker (around 1860BC).jpg|thumb|left|The Year 16 border stela of Senusret III ([[Altes Museum]]), Berlin]]
 
 
 
==Pyramid and complex==
[[File:Sesostris3-plan-complexe.jpg|thumb|right|Plan of the Pyramid complex at [[Dashur]]]]
Senusret's pyramid complex was built north-east of the [[Red Pyramid]] of [[Dashur]].<ref>Katheryn A. Bard, ''Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt'', Routledge 1999, p.107</ref> It far surpassed those from the early twelfth dynasty in size, grandeur, and underlying religious conceptions.
 
There has been speculation that Senusret was not necessarily buried there, but rather, in his sophisticated funerary complex in [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] and his pyramid more likely being a [[cenotaph]].<ref name="verner"/>
 
Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square and 78 meters high. The total volume was approximately 288,000 cubic meters. The pyramid was built of a core of [[mud brick]]s. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds were not used. The burial chamber was lined with granite. Above the vaulted burial chamber was a second relieving chamber that was roofed with five pairs of limestone beams each weighing 30 tons. Above this was a third mudbrick vault.
 
The pyramid complex included a small mortuary temple and seven smaller pyramids for his queens. There is also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women. Here were found the treasures of [[Sithathor]] and queen [[Mereret (12th Dynasty)|Mereret]]. There was also a southern temple, however this has since been destroyed.<ref>Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997)p.177-9 {{ISBN|0-500-05084-8}}.</ref>
 
==Royal statuary==
[[File:StatueOfSesotrisIII-EA684-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|thumb|A statue of Senusret III at the [[British Museum]], showing the traits that are peculiar for this king]]
 
Senusret III is well known for his distinctive statues, which are almost immediately recognizable as his. On them, the king is depicted at different ages and, in particular, on the aged ones he sports a strikingly somber expression: the eyes are protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines under them, the mouth and lips have a grimace of bitterness, and the ears are enormous and protruding forward. In sharp contrast with the even-exaggerated [[Realism (arts)|realism]] of the head and, regardless of his age, the rest of the body is [[idealism (arts)|idealized]] as forever young and muscular, in the more classical pharaonic fashion.<ref name=robins>{{cite book|last=Robins|first=Gay|authorlink=Gay Robins|title=The Art of Ancient Egypt|year=1997|publisher=British Museum Press|location=London|isbn=0714109886|p=113}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Freed|first=Rita E.|chapter=Sculpture of the Middle Kingdom|title=A companion to Ancient Egypt, volume 2|editor-first=Alan B.|editor-last=Lloyd|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=|isbn=9781405155984|pp=900–902}}</ref>
 
Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have himself portrayed in such a unique way, and polarized on two diverging opinions.<ref name=robins/> Some argue that Senusret wanted to be represented as a lonely and disenchanted ruler, human before divine, consumed by worries and by his responsibilities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bothmer|first1=Bernard|title=Brief Guide to the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art|date=1974|publisher=The Brooklyn Museum|location=Brooklyn, NY|page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Morkot |first= Robert G. |authorlink= Robert Morkot |date=2005 |title= The Egyptians: An Introduction |location=|publisher= Routledge |p=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cimmino |first= Franco |date=2003 |title= Dizionario delle dinastie faraoniche|language=Italian |location= Milano |publisher= Bompiani |p=158 |isbn= 88-452-5531-X}}</ref> At the opposite, other scholars suggested that the statues originally would convey the idea of a dreadful tyrant able to see and hear everything under his strict control.<ref>{{cite book |last= Wilkinson |first= Toby |authorlink= Toby Wilkinson |date=2010 |title= The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt |url= |location=London |publisher= Bloomsbury |p=179 |isbn=9781408810026}}</ref>
 
More recently, it has been suggested that the purpose of such peculiar portraiture was not to represent realism, but rather, to reveal the perceived nature of royal power at the time of Senusret's reign.<ref>Laboury, Dimitri, ''Senwosret III and the Issue of Portraiture in Ancient Egyptian Art'', in Andreu-Lanoë, Guillemette & Morfoisse, Fleur (eds.), ''Sésostris III et la fin du Moyen Empire. Actes du colloque des 12-13 décembre 2014, Louvre-Lens et Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille''. CRIPEL 31 (2016-2017), pp. 71–84.</ref>
 
[[File:Senwosret III in Hieroglyphics.jpeg|thumb|Senwosret III's Name in Hieroglyphics]]
 
==படக்காட்சிகள் ==
<gallery>
File:Head of Senusret III with youthful features. 12th Dynasty, c. 1870 BC. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich.jpg|Head ofஇளவயது Senusretமூன்றாம் IIIசெனுஸ்ரெத்தின் with youthful features. 12th Dynastyதலைச்சிற்பம், c.கிமு 1870 BC. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich
File:Face of a king, probably Senusret III, wearing the nemes royal headdress. Quartzite. 12th Dynasty. From Egypt. Presented by Guy Brunton. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|Face of a king, probably Senusret III, wearing the nemes royal headdress, Quartzite, Twelfth Dynasty, From Egypt, Presented by Guy Brunton, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
File:Senusret III.jpg|[[British Museum]]
File:Sesostris III Sphinxkopf.jpg|Munich, [[Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst]]
File:ThreeStatuesOfSesotrisIII-FaceOn-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|[[British Museum]]
File:Sebekhotep IV-A 17-img 2963.jpg|[[Louvre]]
File:Louvre 032007 30.jpg|[[Louvre]]
File:RedGraniteHeadOfSesostrisIII-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|[[British Museum]]
File:Bust of Senusret III Ägyptisches Museum Berlin.jpg|[[Egyptian Museum of Berlin|Berlin Museum]]
File:GD-EG-Louxor-116.JPG|[[Luxor Museum]]
File:Louvre 042007 11.jpg|[[Louvre]]
File:Egyptian - Sesostris III - Walters 22115.jpg|[[Walters Art Museum]]
File:Sebek-khu Stele.png| [[கானான்|கானானை]] வெற்றி கொண்டதற்கான செபெக்-கூவின் கல்வெட்டு
File:Sebek-khu Stele.png|[[Sebek-khu Stele]], describing the campaign to Canaan
File:Senwosret III Statue at BM.jpg|[[British Museum]]
File:Senwosret III Statue's Belt at BM.jpg|[[British Museum]] Senwosret's name on belt from the three statues (far right).
</gallery>
 
வரி 103 ⟶ 77:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Senusret Iii}}
 
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