|
[[File:Niledelta 33.svg|thumb|right| [[கீழ் எகிப்து|வடக்கு எகிப்தில்]] நைல் வடிநிலத்தின் வரைபடம்]]
'''நைல் வடிநிலம்''' ('''Nile Delta''') [[கீழ் எகிப்து|வடக்கு எகிப்தில்]] [[நைல் நதி]] உருவாக்கும் வடிநிலம்]] ஆகும். [[நைல் நதி]] வடக்கு எகிப்தில் பல கிளைகளாக பரவி [[நடுநிலக் கடல்|மத்தியத் தரைக் கடலில்]] கலக்கிறது. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Dumont|first=Henri J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA88|title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use|date=2009-05-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-9726-3|pages=88|language=en}}</ref> இது உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய ஆற்று [[வடிநிலம்|வடிநிலங்களில்]] ஒன்றாகும். நைல் வடிநிலம் மேற்கில் [[அலெக்சாந்திரியா|அலெக்ஸாண்டிரியாவிலிருந்து]] கிழக்கில் [[சயீது துறைமுகம்]] வரை, [[நடுநிலக் கடல்|மத்தியத் தரைக் கடலோரத்தில் 240 [[கிலோ மீட்டர்]] (150 [[மைல்]]) வரை உள்ளடக்கியது. நைல் வடிநிலம் வண்டல் மண் நிறைந்த ஒரு வ்ளமான வேளாண்மைப் பகுதியாகும். <ref>{{Cite book|last=Negm|first=Abdelazim M.|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Nile_Delta/2YQlDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA36|title=The Nile Delta|date=2017-05-25|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-56124-0|pages=36|language=en}}</ref> எகிப்தின் வடக்கிலிருந்து தெற்கு நோக்கிய நைல் வடிநிலம் சராசரி 160 கிலோ மீட்டர் (99 [[மைல்]]) நீளம் கொண்டது. நைல் வடிநிலம் [[கெய்ரோ]]விற்கு வடக்கே சற்று தொலைவில் தொடங்குகிறது.<ref>{{citation|title = Zeidan, Bakenaz. (2006). The Nile Delta in a global vision. Sharm El-Sheikh.|url = https://www.researchgte.net/publication/228920048}}</ref
==புவியியல்==
==Geography==
[[File:Niledelta 33.svg| thumb|right|[[கீழ் எகிப்து|வடக்கு எகிப்தில்]] நைல் வடிநிலம்]]
[[File:Niledelta 33.svg|The Nile Delta, Northern Egypt]]
Fromநைல் northவடிநிலம் toஎகிப்தின் south,வடக்கிலிருந்து theதெற்கே delta is approximatelyசராசரி {{cvt|160|km|mi}} inநீளம் lengthகொண்டது. From[[நடுநிலக் west to east, it covers some {{cvtகடல்|240|km|mi}}மத்தியத் ofதரைக் coastline.கடலை]] Theஒட்டிய deltaநைல் isவடிநிலம் sometimesகிழக்கிலிருந்து dividedமேற்காக into sections, with the Nile dividing into two main240 [[distributary|distributariesகிலோ மீட்டர்]], theஅகலம் கொண்டுள்ளது. [[Damiettaநைல் நதி]]யின் andபலை theகிளை [[Rosetta]],ஆறுகளால் நைல் வடிநிலம் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.<ref name="Cooper2014">{{cite book|author=John Cooper|title=The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYWlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|date=30 September 2014|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-416-614-3|page=76}}</ref> flowing into the Mediterranean at port cities with the same name. In the past, the delta had several distributaries, but these have been lost due to flood control, silting and changing relief. One such defunct distributary is [[Wadi Tumilat]].
[[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Nileநைல் Riverநதி]]யும் andஅதன் Delta[[வடிநிலம்|வடிநிலமும்]]]]
நைல் வடிநிலத்தின் கிழக்கில் [[சுயஸ் கால்வாய்]] மற்றும் வடகிழக்கில் மன்சலா ஏரியும் அமைந்துள்ளது. நைல் வடிநிலத்தின் வடமேற்கில், மத்தியதரைக் கடலை ஒட்டி புருல்லஸ் ஏரி, இட்கு ஏரி மற்றும் மாரியட் ஏரிகள் அமைந்துள்ளது. நைல் வடிநிலம் ஒரு வளைவு வடிவத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Holz |first1=Robert K |title=Man-made landforms in the Nile delta |date=1969 |publisher=American Geographical Society |oclc=38826202 |language=en}}</ref> நைல் நதி மீது [[அஸ்வான் அணை]] கட்டிய பின்னர் நைல் வடிநிலத்தில் வண்டல் மண் சேர்வது பெருமளவு தடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. நைல் வடிநிலத்தின் அதிகபட்ச ஆழம் 70 [[அடி (அளவை)|அடியாகும்.
The [[Suez Canal]] is east of the delta and enters the coastal [[Lake Manzala]] in the north-east of the delta. To the north-west are three other coastal lakes or lagoons: [[Lake Burullus]], [[Lake Idku]] and [[Lake Mariout]].
==மக்கள் தொகை==
The Nile is considered to be an "arcuate" delta (arc-shaped), as it resembles a triangle or flower when seen from above. Some scholars such as Aristotle have written that the delta was constructed for agricultural purposes due to the drying of the region of Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holz |first1=Robert K |title=Man-made landforms in the Nile delta |date=1969 |publisher=American Geographical Society |oclc=38826202 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Egypt 2010 population density1.png|thumb|நைல் வடிநிலத்தில் [[மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி]]]]
நைல் வடிநிலத்தில் 39 [[மில்லியன்]] மக்கள் வாழ்கின்றனர். இந்த வடிநிலத்தின் [[மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி]] ஒரு [[சதுர கிலோ மீட்டர்|சதுர கிலோ மீட்ட்ரில்]] {{cvt|1,000|PD/sqkm|abbr=off}} அல்லது அதற்கும் மேலும் உள்ளது. நைல் வடிநிலத்தின் முக்கியமான பெரிய நகரம் [[அலெக்சாந்திரியா]] ஆகும். இந்நகரத்தின் [[மக்கள் தொகை]] 4.5 [[மில்லியன்]] ஆகும். பிற முக்கிய நகரங்கள் [[சயீது துறைமுகம்]], [[அபுசிர்]] போன்றவைகள் ஆகும்.<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Egypt.html City Population website], citing Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics Egypt (web), accessed 11 April 1908.</ref>
In modern day, the outer edges of the delta are eroding, and some coastal lagoons have seen increasing salinity levels as their connection to the Mediterranean Sea increases. Since the delta no longer receives an annual supply of nutrients and sediments from upstream due to the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]], the soils of the floodplains have become poorer, and large amounts of fertilizers are now used. [[Topsoil]] in the delta can be as much as {{cvt|70|ft|m|order=flip}} in depth.
==தட்ப வெப்பம்==
நீர் நிறைந்த நைல் வடிநிலப் பகுதி [[பாலைவனம்|பாலைவன]] வெப்ப நிலை கொண்டுள்ளது. கோடைக்காலத்தின் இதன் வெப்ப நிலை {{cvt|34|°C}} ஆகும். குளிர்கால வெப்ப நிலை இரவில் {{cvt|9|°C}}, பகலில் {{cvt|19|°C}} ஆக இருக்கும். சராசரி ஆண்டு மழைப் பொழிவு {{cvt|100|-|200|mm|0}} ஆகும்.<ref>{{citation | title = Nile Delta Facts | url = https://sciencing.com/nile-delta-7289614.html}}</ref>
==History==
==கடல் மட்டம் உயர்தல் ==
[[File:Nile Delta Surrounding.jpg|thumb|Ancient branches of the Nile, showing Wadi Tumilat, and the lakes east of the Delta]]
People have lived in the Nile Delta region for thousands of years, and it has been intensively farmed for at least the last five thousand years. The delta was a major constituent of Lower Egypt, and there are many archaeological sites in and around the delta.<ref>[http://www.e-c-h-o.org/khd/location.html Location of the site], Kafr Hassan Dawood On-Line, with a map of early sites of the delta.</ref> Artifacts belonging to ancient sites have been found on the delta's coast. The [[Rosetta Stone]] was found in the delta in 1799 in the port city of Rosetta (an anglicized version of the name [[Rosetta|Rashid]]). In July 2019 a small Greek temple, ancient granite columns, treasure-carrying ships, and bronze coins from the reign of [[Ptolemy II]], dating back to the third and fourth centuries BC, were found at the sunken city of [[Heracleion]], colloquially known as Egypt's Atlantis. The investigations were conducted by Egyptian and European divers led by the underwater archaeologist [[Franck Goddio]]. They also uncovered a devastated historic temple (the city's main temple) underwater off Egypt's north coast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/ancient-egypt-news-underwater-archaeologist-discovery-treasures--subaquatic-temple-city-of-heracleion/265ba5c2-d31d-4e80-9487-d4475f86b8a3|title=Mysterious temple discovered in the ruins of sunken ancient city|website=www.9news.com.au|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html|title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City|last=History|first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z|website=livescience.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/|title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater|last=Santos|first=Edwin|date=2019-07-28|website=Nosy Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/|archive-date=17 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695|title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion|last=EDT|first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM|date=2019-07-23|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://headtopics.com/uk/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater-7097571|title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater|last=Topics|first=Head|website=Head Topics|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref>
In January 2019 archaeologists led by [[Mostafa Waziri]] working in the Kom Al-Khelgan area of the Nile Delta discovered tombs from the [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period]] and burials from the [[Naqada II]] era. The burial site contained the remains of animals, [[amulet]]s and scarabs carved from [[faience]], round and oval pots with handles, flint knives, broken and burned pottery. All burials included skulls and skeletons in the bending position and were not very well-preserved.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3,500-Year-Old Tombs Unearthed in Egypt's Nile Delta - Archaeology Magazine|url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/7326-190124-nile-delta-tombs|access-date=2020-09-11|website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancient tombs and prehistoric burials found in Nile Delta - Ancient Egypt - Heritage|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/9/40/322326/Heritage/Ancient-Egypt/Ancient-tombs-and-prehistoric-burials-found-in-Nil.aspx|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Ahram Online|language=en}}</ref>
===Ancient branches of the Nile===
[[File:AncientEgyptJamesRennell01.jpg|thumb|alt=Ancient Nile delta.|The Nile delta at the time of [[Herodotus]], according to [[James Rennell]] (1800)]]
Records from ancient times (such as by [[Ptolemy]]) show that the delta had seven [[distributary|distributaries]] or branches, (from east to west):<ref name="Cooper2014" />
*the Pelusiac,
*the Tanitic,
*the Mendesian,
*the Phatnitic (or Phatmetic),<ref>Wilson, Ian. ''The Exodus Enigma'' (1985), page 46. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</ref>
*the Sebennytic,
*the Bolbitine, and
*the Canopic (also called the Herakleotic<ref>e.g. at [[Callisthenes]] Alexander 1.31.</ref> and the Agathodaemon{{refn|e.g. in Ptolemy, ''Geography''.}})
There are now only two main branches, due to flood control, silting and changing relief: the Damietta (corresponding to the Phatnitic) to the east, and the Rosetta (corresponding to the Bolbitine)<ref>Hayes, W. 'Most Ancient Egypt', p. 87, ''[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]'', 23 (1964), 73–114.</ref> in the western part of the Delta. The Delta used to flood annually, but this ended with the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]].
==Population==
[[File:Egypt 2010 population density1.png|thumb|Population density]]
About 39 million people live in the Delta region. Outside of major cities, population density in the delta averages {{cvt|1,000|PD/sqkm|abbr=off}} or more. [[Alexandria]] is the largest city in the delta with an estimated population of more than 4.5 million. Other large cities in the delta include [[Shubra El Kheima]], [[Port Said]], [[El Mahalla El Kubra]], [[El Mansoura|Mansura]], [[Tanta]], and [[Zagazig]].<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Egypt.html City Population website], citing Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics Egypt (web), accessed 11 April 1908.</ref>
==Wildlife==
[[File:Chlidonias hybrida 3 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|thumb|[[Whiskered tern]]]]
During autumn, parts of the Nile River are red with [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flowers]]. The Lower Nile (North) and the Upper Nile (South) have plants that grow in abundance. The Upper Nile plant is the Egyptian lotus, and the Lower Nile plant is the Papyrus Sedge (''[[Cyperus papyrus]]''), although it is not nearly as plentiful as it once was, and is becoming quite rare.<ref name="papyrus threatened species">{{cite iucn |author=Beentje, H.J. |author2=Lansdown, R.V. |date=2018 |title=''Cyperus papyrus'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T164158A120152171 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T164158A120152171.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
Several hundred thousand water birds winter in the delta, including the world's largest concentrations of [[little gull]]s and [[whiskered tern]]s. Other birds making their homes in the delta include [[grey heron]]s, [[Kentish plover]]s, [[Northern shoveler|shovelers]], [[cormorant]]s, [[egret]]s and [[ibis]]es.
Other animals found in the delta include [[frog]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[tortoise]]s, [[mongoose]]s, and the [[Nile monitor]]. [[Nile crocodile]]s and [[hippopotamus]], two animals which were widespread in the delta during antiquity, are no longer found there. Fish found in the delta include the [[flathead grey mullet]] and soles.
==Climate==
{{see also|Climate of Egypt|northern coast of Egypt}}
The Delta has a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system|Köppen]]: BWh) as the rest of Egypt, but its northernmost part, as is the case with the rest of the [[northern coast of Egypt]] which is the wettest region in the country, has relatively moderate temperatures, with highs usually not surpassing {{cvt|31|°C}} in the summer. Only {{cvt|100|-|200|mm|0}} of rain falls on the delta area during an average year, and most of this falls in the winter months. The delta experiences its hottest temperatures in July and August, with a maximum average of {{cvt|34|°C}}. Winter temperatures are normally in the range of {{cvt|9|°C}} at nights to {{cvt|19|°C}} in the daytime. With cooler temperatures and some rain, the Nile Delta region becomes quite humid during the winter months.<ref>{{citation | title = Nile Delta Facts | url = https://sciencing.com/nile-delta-7289614.html}}</ref>
==Sea level rise==
[[File:Egypt Population Density and Low Elevation Coastal Zones (5457306559).jpg|thumb|400px|Population density and low elevation coastal zones. The Nile delta is especially vulnerable to [[sea level rise]].]]
புவி சூடாதல் விளைவாக வடக்கு எகிப்தின் நைல் வடிநிலப் பகுதியின் சில இடங்கள் {{cvt|100|yd|-1|order=flip}} கடலில் நீழ்கியுள்ளது.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Warming Threatens Egypt's Coastlines and the Nile Delta|url=http://www.ecoworld.com/global-warming/global-warming-egypt.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929143417/http://www.ecoworld.com/global-warming/global-warming-egypt.html|archive-date=29 September 2011|date=25 September 2009|website=EcoWorld|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
Egypt's Mediterranean coastline experiences significant loss of land to the sea, in some places amounting to {{cvt|100|yd|-1|order=flip}} a year. The low-lying Nile Delta area in particular is vulnerable to [[sea level rise]] associated with [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Warming Threatens Egypt's Coastlines and the Nile Delta|url=http://www.ecoworld.com/global-warming/global-warming-egypt.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929143417/http://www.ecoworld.com/global-warming/global-warming-egypt.html|archive-date=29 September 2011|date=25 September 2009|website=EcoWorld|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> This effect is exacerbated by the lack of sediments being deposited since the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]]. If the polar ice caps were to melt, much of the northern delta, including the ancient port city of [[Alexandria]], could disappear under the Mediterranean. A {{cvt|30|cm|0}} rise in sea level could affect about 6.6% of the total land cover area in the Nile Delta region. At {{cvt|1|m|0}} sea level rise, an estimated 887 thousand people could be at risk of flooding and displacement and about {{cvt|100|km2|sqmi|-1}} of vegetation, {{cvt|16|km2|sqmi|-1}} wetland, {{cvt|402|km2|sqmi|-1}} cropland, and {{cvt|47|km2|sqmi|-1}} of urban area land could be destroyed,<ref name="Hasan 2015 649–663">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10661-015-4868-9 |pmid=26410824 |title=Investigation of potential sea level rise impact on the Nile Delta, Egypt using digital elevation models |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=187 |issue=10 |pages=649 |year=2015 |last1=Hasan |first1=Emad |last2=Khan |first2=Sadiq Ibrahim |last3=Hong |first3=Yang |s2cid=207139887 }}</ref> flooding approximately {{cvt|450|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/01/28/98672.html|title=Egypt's Nile Delta falls prey to climate change|date=28 January 2010}}</ref> Some areas of the Nile Delta's agricultural land have been rendered saline as a result of sea level rise; farming has been abandoned in some places, while in others sand has been brought in from elsewhere to reduce the effect. In addition to agriculture, the delta's [[ecosystem]]s and tourist industry could be negatively affected by global warming. Food shortages resulting from climate change could lead to seven million "climate refugees" by the end of the 21st century. Nevertheless, environmental damage to the delta is not currently one of Egypt's priorities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change|url=http://news.egypt.com/en/201001288902/news/-egypt-news/egypt-fertile-nile-delta-falls-prey-to-climate-change.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209093815/http://news.egypt.com/en/201001288902/news/-egypt-news/egypt-fertile-nile-delta-falls-prey-to-climate-change.html|archive-date=9 February 2011|website=Egypt News|date=28 January 2010|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
The delta's coastline has also undergone significant changes in [[geomorphology]] as a result of the reclamation of coastal dunes and lagoons to form new agricultural land and [[fish farm]]s as well as the expansion of coastal urban areas.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.06.025 |title=Human-induced changes in the geomorphology of the northeastern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt |journal=Geomorphology |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=72–78 |year=2009 |last1=El Banna |first1=Mahmoud M. |last2=Frihy |first2=Omran E. |bibcode=2009Geomo.107...72E }}</ref>
==Governorates and large cities==
The Nile Delta forms part of these 10 [[Governorates of Egypt|governorates]]:
==ஆளுநரகங்களும், நகரங்களும்==
நைல் வடிநிலத்தில் எகிப்தின் 10 ஆளுநரகங்கள் உள்ளது:
===ஆளுநரகங்கள்===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[அலெக்சாந்திரியா]] ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]]
*பெகிரியா ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]]
*காப்ரி எல் சேக் ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Kafr el Sheikh]]
*கார்பியா ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbiya]]
*மொனுபியா ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Monufia Governorate|Minufiya]]
*கலியுபியா ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubiya]]
*தாகாலியா ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]]
* தமிட்டா ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]]
*சார்க்கியா ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Sharqia Governorate|Sharqiyah]]
*[[சயீது துறைமுகம்]] ஆளுநகரம்
*[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]]
{{div col end}}
===பெரிய நகரங்கள்===
Large cities located in the Nile Delta:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[அலெக்சாந்திரியா]]
*[[Abusir (Lake Mariout)|Abusir]]
*[[அபுசிர்]]
*[[Alexandria]]
*[[Avarisஆவரிஸ்]]
* [[மென்டிஸ்]]
*[[Bilbeis]]
* [[பெலுசியம்]]
*[[Bubastis]]
* [[சயீது துறைமுகம்]]
*[[Canopus (Egypt)|Canopus]]
*[[Damanhurசைஸ்]]
*[[Desoukதனீஸ்]]
*[[Damietta]]
*[[El Mahalla El Kubra]]
*[[Kafr El Sheikh]]
*[[Leontopolis]]
*[[Mendes]]
*[[Mit Abu El Kom]]
*[[Mansoura]]
*[[Naucratis]]
*[[Pelusium]]
*[[Port Said]]
*[[Rosetta]]
*[[Sais, Egypt|Sais]]
*[[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]]
*[[Tanta]]
*[[Zagazig]]
{{div col end}}
==மேற்கோள்கள்==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==வெளி இணைப்புகள்==
==External links==
{{commons category|Nile Delta|<br/>Nile Delta}}
{{Portal|Ancient Egypt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Regions of Africa}}
{{Egypt topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[பகுப்பு:வடிநிலங்கள்]]
[[Category:Nile Delta| ]]
[[பகுப்பு:எகிப்து]]
[[Category:Nile|*Delta]]
[[பகுப்பு:நைல் ஆறு]]
[[Category:River deltas of Africa]]
[[Category:Landforms of Egypt]]
[[Category:Landforms of the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Flooded grasslands and savannas]]
[[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Egypt]]
[[Category:Eastern Mediterranean]]
| 