மின்கடத்துதிறன் மற்றும் மின்தடைத்திறன்: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

உள்ளடக்கம் நீக்கப்பட்டது உள்ளடக்கம் சேர்க்கப்பட்டது
வரிசை 43:
* [[குறைகடத்தி]]களின் மின்காத்துதிறன் இடைப்பட்டதாக இருந்த போதிலும் அது மின்புலத்திற்கு வெளிக்காட்டப்படும் தன்மை, குறித்த சில அலைநீளங்களைக் கொண்ட ஒளி, வெப்பநிலை மற்றும் குறைகடத்தி ஆக்கப்பட்டுள்ள டிரவியம் என்பவற்றைப் பொறுத்து மாறுபடும்.
 
கீழுள்ள அட்டவணை 20 °C (68 °F) வெப்பநிலைகளில் வேறுபட்ட பொருட்களின் மின்கடத்துதிறன் மற்றும் மின்தடைத்திறன் மற்றும் வெப்பநிலைக் குணகம் என்பவற்றைத் தருகிறது.
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! பொருள்
! ρ [Ω·m] at {{nowrap|20 °C}}
! σ [S/m] at {{nowrap|20 °C}}
! Temperature<br/> coefficient<ref group="note">The numbers in this column increase or decrease the [[significand]] portion of the resistivity. For example, at {{convert|30|C|K|abbr=on}}, the resistivity of silver is 1.65×10<sup>−8</sup>. This is calculated as Δρ = α ΔT ρ<sub>o</sub> where ρ<sub>o</sub> is the resistivity at 20&nbsp;°C (in this case) and α is the temperature coefficient.</ref><br/> [K<sup>−1</sup>]
! Reference
|-
|[[Silver]]||1.59×10<sup>−8</sup>||6.30×10<sup>7</sup>||0.0038||<ref name="serway">{{cite book | last=Serway | first=Raymond A. | title=Principles of Physics | edition=2nd ed| year=1998 | month= | publisher=Saunders College Pub | location=Fort Worth, Texas; London | isbn=0-03-020457-7 | page=602 | chapter= | chapterurl= }}</ref><ref name="Griffiths">{{cite book | last = Griffiths | first = David| authorlink=David Griffiths (physicist)|editor =Alison Reeves (ed.)| title = Introduction to Electrodynamics| origyear = 1981 | accessdate = 2006-01-29 | edition = 3rd edition | year = 1999 | publisher = [[Prentice Hall]] | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey | isbn = 0-13-805326-X | oclc = 40251748 | doi = | id = | page = 286 | chapter = 7. Electrodynamics}}</ref>
|-
|[[Copper]]||1.68×10<sup>−8</sup>||5.96×10<sup>7</sup>||0.0039||<ref name="Griffiths"/>
|-
|[[Annealing (metallurgy)|Annealed]] [[Copper]]<ref group="note">Referred to as 100% IACS or International Annealed Copper Standard. The unit for expressing the conductivity of nonmagnetic materials by testing using the [[eddy-current]] method. Generally used for temper and alloy verification of aluminium.</ref> ||1.72×10<sup>-8</sup>||5.80×10<sup>7</sup>|| ||{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
|-
|[[Gold]]<ref group="note">Gold is commonly used in [[electrical contact]]s because it does not easily corrode.</ref>||2.44×10<sup>−8</sup>|||4.52×10<sup>7</sup>||0.0034||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Aluminium]]<ref group="note">Commonly used for high voltage power lines</ref> ||2.82×10<sup>−8</sup>||3.5×10<sup>7</sup>||0.0039||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Calcium]]||3.36×10<sup>−8</sup>||2.98×10<sup>7</sup>||0.0041||
|-
|[[Tungsten]]||5.60×10<sup>−8</sup>||1.79×10<sup>7</sup>||0.0045||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Zinc]]||5.90×10<sup>−8</sup>||1.69×10<sup>7</sup>||0.0037||<ref>http://physics.mipt.ru/S_III/t (PDF format; see page 2, table in the right lower corner)</ref>
|-
|[[Nickel]]||6.99×10<sup>−8</sup>||1.43×10<sup>7</sup>||0.006||
|-
|[[Lithium]]||9.28×10<sup>−8</sup>||1.08×10<sup>7</sup>||0.006||
|-
|[[Iron]]||1.0×10<sup>−7</sup>||1.00×10<sup>7</sup>||0.005||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Platinum]]||1.06×10<sup>−7</sup>||9.43×10<sup>6</sup>||0.00392||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Tin]]||1.09×10<sup>−7</sup>||9.17×10<sup>6</sup>||0.0045||
|-
|[[Lead]]||2.2×10<sup>−7</sup>||4.55×10<sup>6</sup>||0.0039||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Titanium]]||4.20x10<sup>−7</sup>||2.38×10<sup>6</sup>||X||
|-
|[[Manganin]]||4.82×10<sup>−7</sup>||2.07×10<sup>6</sup>||0.000002||<ref name="giancoli">{{cite book | last=Giancoli | first=Douglas C. | title=Physics: Principles with Applications | origdate= | edition=4th ed | year=1995 | publisher=Prentice Hall | location=London | isbn=0-13-102153-2 | pages= | chapter= | chapterurl= }}<br>(see also [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/rstiv.html Table of Resistivity])
</ref>
|-
|[[Constantan]]||4.9×10<sup>−7</sup>||2.04×10<sup>6</sup>|| 0.000008 ||<ref>John O'Malley, ''Schaum's outline of theory and problems of basic circuit analysis'', p.19, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1992 ISBN 0070478244</ref>
|-
|[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]||9.8×10<sup>−7</sup>||1.02×10<sup>6</sup>||0.0009||<ref name="giancoli"/>
|-
|[[Nichrome]]<ref group="note">Nickel-Iron-Chromium alloy commonly used in heating elements.</ref>|| 1.10×10<sup>−6</sup>||9.09×10<sup>5</sup>||0.0004||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Amorphous carbon|Carbon (amorphous)]]||5 to 8×10<sup>−4</sup><!-- 3.5×10<sup>−5</sup> Serway figure removed because unclear what form of carbon is being referenced-->||1.25 to 2×10<sup>3</sup>||−0.0005||<ref name="serway"/><ref>Y. Pauleau, Péter B. Barna, P. B. Barna, ''Protective coatings and thin films: synthesis, characterization, and applications'', p.215, Springer, 1997 ISBN 0792343808.</ref>
|-
|[[Graphite|Carbon (graphite)]]<ref group="note">Graphite is strongly anisotropic.</ref>||2.5 to 5.0×10<sup>−6</sup> ⊥basal plane<br />3.0×10<sup>−3</sup> //[[basal plane]] ||2 to 3×10<sup>5</sup> ⊥basal plane<br />3.3×10<sup>2</sup> //basal plane|| ||<ref>Hugh O. Pierson, ''Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications'', p.61, William Andrew, 1993 ISBN 0815513399.</ref>
|-
|[[Diamond|Carbon (diamond)]]<ref name="semi" group="note">The resistivity of [[semiconductors]] depends strongly on the presence of [[impurities]] in the material.</ref>||~10<sup>12</sup>||~10<sup>-13</sup>|| ||<ref>Lawrence S. Pan, Don R. Kania, ''Diamond: electronic properties and applications'', p.140, Springer, 1994 ISBN 0792395247.</ref>
|-
|[[Germanium]]<ref name="semi" group="note"/>||4.6×10<sup>−1</sup>||2.17||−0.048||<ref name="serway"/><ref name="Griffiths"/>
|-
|[[Sea water]]<ref group="note">Corresponds to an average salinity of 35 g/kg at 20 °C.</ref>||2×10<sup>−1</sup>||4.8|| ||<ref>[http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html Physical properties of sea water]</ref>
|-
|[[Drinking water]]<ref group="note">This value range is typical of high quality drinking water and not an indicator of water quality</ref>||2×10<sup>1</sup> to 2×10<sup>3</sup>||5×10<sup>-4</sup> to 5×10<sup>-2</sup>|| ||{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
|-
|[[Deionized water]]<ref group="note">Conductivity is lowest with monoatomic gases present; changes to 1.2 × 10<sup>-4</sup> upon complete de-gassing, or to 7.5 × 10<sup>-5</sup> upon equilibration to the atmosphere due to dissolved CO<sub>2</sub></ref> ||1.8×10<sup>5</sup>||5.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup>|| ||<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jp045975a|title=De-Gassed Water is a Better Cleaning Agent|year=2005|author=Pashley, R. M.|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B|volume=109|pages=1231|pmid=16851085|last2=Rzechowicz|first2=M|last3=Pashley|first3=LR|last4=Francis|first4=MJ|issue=3}}</ref>
|-
|[[Silicon]]<ref name="semi" group="note"/>||6.40×10<sup>2</sup>||1.56×10<sup>-3</sup>||−0.075||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[GaAs]]||5×10<sup>7</sup> to 10<sup>-3</sup>||5×10<sup>-8</sup> to 10<sup>3</sup>|| ||<ref name="Ohring">{{cite book | last = Ohring | first = Milton| title = Engineering materials science, Volume 1| edition = 3rd edition | year = 1995 | page = 561}}</ref>
|-
|[[Glass]]||10<sup>10</sup> to 10<sup>14</sup>||10<sup>-11</sup> to 10<sup>-15</sup>||?||<ref name="serway"/><ref name="Griffiths"/>
|-
|[[Hard rubber]]||10<sup>13</sup>||10<sup>-14</sup>||?||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Sulfur]]||10<sup>15</sup>||10<sup>-16</sup>||?||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Air]]||1.3×10<sup>16</sup> to 3.3×10<sup>16</sup>||3 to 8 × 10<sup>−15</sup>|| ||<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/2007JD009716|title=Effect of relative humidity and sea level pressure on electrical conductivity of air over Indian Ocean|year=2009|author=Pawar, S. D.|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=114|pages=D02205|last2=Murugavel|first2=P.|last3=Lal|first3=D. M.|bibcode=2009JGRD..11402205P}}</ref>
|-
|[[Paraffin]]||10<sup>17</sup>||10<sup>-18</sup>||?||
|-
|[[Quartz]] (fused)||7.5×10<sup>17</sup>||1.3×10<sup>-18</sup>||?||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
|[[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]]||10<sup>20</sup>||10<sup>-21</sup>||?||
|-
|[[PTFE|Teflon]]||10<sup>22</sup> to 10<sup>24</sup>||10<sup>-25</sup> to 10<sup>-23</sup>||?||
|}
 
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