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ஹாவர்ட் கார்ட்டர்: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

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வரிசை 1:
{{தொகுக்கப்படுகிறது}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name =ஹவார்ட் ஹாவர்ட் கார்ட்டர்
|image =Howard_carter.jpg
|image_size =200px
|caption = ஹவார்ட்ஹாவர்ட் கார்ட்டர்
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1874|5|9}}
|birth_place = [[கென்சிங்டன்]]கென்சிங்க்டன், [[லண்டன்]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1939|3|2|1874|5|9}}
|death_place = [[கென்சிங்டன்]]கென்சிங்க்டன், [[லண்டன்]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[பிரித்தானியாஇங்கிலாந்து]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[தொல்லியல்]]
|field = [[தொல்பொருள் ஆய்வாளர்]] மற்றும் [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]]
|work_ = தொல்லியல் ஆய்வாளர்
|work_ = An Archaeologist and Egyptologist
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[துட்டன்காமன்]] கல்லறையைக் கண்டுபிடித்தவர்
|known_for = எகிப்தின் மன்னன் [[துட்ட்காமன்]] கல்லறைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பு
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
வரிசை 59:
, திரைப்படங்கள் மற்றும் தொலைக்காட்சித் தொடர்கள்<ref name="imdb">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0034196/|title=Howard Carter (Character)|accessdate=8 May 2008|publisher=[[IMDb.com]]}}</ref> ஆகியன வெளியிடப்பட்டன. கூகுள் நிறுவனம் கார்ட்டரின் 138வது பிறந்தநாளில் டூடுள் வெளியிட்டுச் சிறப்பித்தது.<ref>[http://www.maxblogtips.com/howard-carter-138th-birthday-google-doodle/ Howard Carter Google Doodle]</ref>
 
 
==உசாத்துணை==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Carnarvon, Fiona; ''Carnarvon & Carter&nbsp;— The story of the two Englishmen who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun''. Highclere Enterprises, 2007
*James, T. G. H. ''Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun''. London: Kegan Paul, 1992 (ISBN 0-7103-0425-0); London: Tauris Parke, 2001 (rev. paperback ISBN 1860646158)
*Peck, William H. "The Discoverer of the Tomb of Tutankhamun and the Detroit Institute of Arts". ''Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities''. Vol. XI, No. 2, March, 1981, pp.&nbsp;65–67
*Reeves, Nicholas; Taylor, John H. ''Howard Carter before Tutankhamun''. London: British Museum, 1992 (ISBN 0-7141-0952-5); New York: H. N. Abrams, 1993
*Vandenberg, Philipp. ''Der vergessene Pharao: Unternehmen Tut-ench-Amun, grösste Abenteuer der Archäologie''. Orbis, 1978 (ISBN 3570031195); translated as ''The Forgotten Pharaoh: The Discovery of Tutankhamun''. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1980 (ISBN 0340246642)
*[[H. V. F. Winstone|Winstone, H. V. F.]] ''Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun''. Rev. edn. Manchester: Barzan Publishing, 2006 (ISBN 1-905521-04-9)
{{refend}}
== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = ஹாவர்ட் கார்ட்டர்
|image =Howard_carter.jpg
|image_size =200px
|caption = ஹாவர்ட் கார்ட்டர்
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1874|5|9}}
|birth_place = கென்சிங்க்டன், [[லண்டன்]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1939|3|2|1874|5|9}}
|death_place = கென்சிங்க்டன், [[லண்டன்]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[இங்கிலாந்து]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[தொல்லியல்]]
|work_ = தொல்லியல் ஆய்வாளர்
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[துட்டன்காமன் |துட்டன்காமனை]] கண்டுபிடித்தவர்
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}
'''ஹாவர்ட் கார்ட்டர்''' ([[9 மே]], [[1874]] - [[2 மார்ச்]], [[1939]]) ஒரு ஆங்கில தொல்லியல் ஆய்வாளர், [[துட்டன்காமன் |துட்டன்காமனை]] கண்டுபிடித்தவர்.
 
== ஆரம்ப கால வாழ்க்கை ==
ஹாவர்ட் கார்ட்டர் லண்டனில் கலைத்துறையில் சிறந்து விளங்கிய சாமுவேல் கார்ட்டர் என்பவருக்கும், மார்த்தா ஜாய்ஸ் என்பவருக்கும் மகனாகப் பிறந்தார்.
 
In 1891, at the age of 17, a talented young artist, he was sent out by the [[Egypt Exploration Fund]] to assist [[Percy Newberry]] in the excavation and recording of [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] tombs at [[Beni Hasan]]. Even at that young age he was innovative in improving the methods of copying tomb decoration. In 1892 he worked under the tutelage of [[Flinders Petrie]] for one season at [[Amarna]], the capital founded by the pharaoh [[Akhenaten]]. From 1894 to 1899 he then worked with [[Édouard Naville]] at [[Deir el-Bahari]], where he recorded the wall reliefs in the temple of [[Hatshepsut]].
 
In 1899, Carter was appointed the first chief inspector of the [[Egyptian Antiquities Service]] (EAS). He supervised a number of excavations at Thebes (now known as Luxor) before he was transferred in 1904 to the Inspectorate of Lower Egypt. Carter resigned from the Antiquities Service in 1905 after an enquiry into an affray (known as the '''[[Saqqara Affair]]''') between Egyptian site guards and a group of French tourists in which he sided with the Egyptian personnel.<ref>James, T. G. H. '''Howard Carter''', I.B.Tauris Publishers, Revised edition 2006, ISBN:978-1845112585, chapter "Saqqara Affair"</ref>
 
== துட்டன்காமன் ==
[[Image:Egypt.KV62.01.jpg|thumb|left|எகிப்த்தில் உள்ள [[துட்டன்காமன்]]]]
After three hard years, Carter was employed by [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]] to supervise his [[excavation (archaeology)|excavation]]s from 1907.<ref>{{cite book|first=H. V. F.|last=Winstone|authorlink=H. V. F. Winstone|title=Howard Carter and the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun|location=Manchester|publisher=Barzan|edition=rev.|year=2006|isbn=1-905521-04-9}}</ref> The intention of [[Gaston Maspero]], who introduced the two, was to ensure that Carter imposed modern archaeological methods and systems of recording.<ref>{{cite book|first=Elisabeth|last=David|title=Gaston Maspero 1846-1916: le gentleman égyptologue|location=Paris|publisher=Pygmalion; Gérard Watelet|year=1999|isbn=2-85704-565-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=T. G. H.|last=James|title=Howard Carter: the path to Tutankhamun|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul|year=1992|isbn=0-7103-0425-0}}</ref>
 
[[Image:Luxor, Tal der Könige (1995, 860x605).jpg|thumb|[[KV62]] in the [[Valley of the Kings]]]]
Carnarvon financed Carter's work in the Valley of the Kings from 1914, but it was interrupted by [[World War I]] until 1917, when serious work was resumed. After several years of fruitless searching, Carnarvon became dissatisfied with the lack of results and, in 1922, he gave Carter one more season of funding to find the tomb he was searching for.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Carnarvon|title=Highclere Castle|publisher=Highclere Enterprises|year=2011|page=59}}</ref>
 
On 4 November 1922, Carter's excavation group found the steps leading to [[Tutankhamun]]'s tomb (subsequently [[KV (Egypt)|designated]] [[KV62]]), by far the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the [[Valley of the Kings]]. He wired Carnarvon to come, and on 26 November 1922, with Carnarvon, Carnarvon's daughter, and others in attendance, Carter made the "tiny breach in the top left hand corner" of the doorway, and was able to peer in by the light of a candle and see that many of the gold and ebony treasures were still in place. He made the breach into the tomb with a chisel his grandmother had given him for his seventeenth birthday. She knew he would one day make an amazing archaeological discovery. He did not yet know at that point whether it was "a tomb or merely a cache", but he did see a promising sealed doorway between two sentinel statues. When Carnarvon asked "can you see anything?", Carter replied with the famous words: "Yes, wonderful things.".<ref>Lord Carnarvon's description, 10 December 1922, quoted in: {{cite book|last1=Reeves|first1=Nicholas|last2=Taylor|first2=John H.|title=Howard Carter before Tutankhamun|location=London|publisher=British Museum|year=1992|isbn=0-7141-0952-5|page=141}}</ref>
 
[[Image:Luxor, West Bank, Stoppelaere House, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Carter's house in the [[Theban Necropolis]]]]
The next several months were spent cataloging the contents of the antechamber under the 'often stressful' oversight of [[Pierre Lacau]], director general of the [[Supreme Council of Antiquities|Department of Antiquities of Egypt]].<ref name="Lacau01">[[:fr:Pierre Lacau|Wikipedia - French edition]]</ref> On 16 February 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway, and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the [[sarcophagus]] of Tutankhamun. All of these discoveries were eagerly covered by the world's press, but most of their representatives were kept in their hotels; only [[Henry Vollam Morton|H. V. Morton]] was allowed on the scene, and his vivid descriptions helped to cement Carter's reputation with the British public.
 
Carter's own notes and photographic evidence, indicate that he, Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn Herbert entered the burial chamber shortly after the tomb's discovery and before the official opening.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reeves|first=C. N.|title=Valley of the Kings: the decline of a royal necropolis|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul|year=1990|isbn=0710303688|page=63}}</ref>
 
==Later work and death==
The clearance of the tomb with its thousands of objects continued until 1932. Following his sensational discovery, Howard Carter retired from archaeology and became a part-time agent for collectors and museums, including the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] and the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]]. He visited the [[United States]] in 1924, and gave a series of illustrated lectures in [[New York City]] and other cities in the United States that were attended by very large and enthusiastic audiences, sparking [[American Egyptomania|Egyptomania in America]].
 
He died of [[lymphoma]], a type of cancer, in [[Kensington|Kensington, London]], on 2 March 1939 at the age of 64.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0509.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Howard Carter, 64, Egyptologist, Dies}}</ref> The archaeologist's (natural) death so long after the opening of the tomb, despite being the leader of the expedition, is the piece of evidence most commonly put forward by sceptics to refute the idea of a "[[curse of the pharaohs]]" plaguing the party that violated Tutankhamun's tomb.
 
Carter is buried in the [[Putney Vale Cemetery]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=3665|title=Putney Vale cemetery|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> On his gravestone is written: "May your spirit live, May you spend millions of years, You who love Thebes, Sitting with your face to the north wind, Your eyes beholding happiness"<ref>from the Wishing Cup of [[Tutankhamun]]</ref> and "O night, spread thy wings over me as the imperishable stars".<ref>cf the prayer to the Goddess Nut found on the lids of New Kingdom coffins: "O my mother [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], spread yourself over me, so that I may be placed among the imperishable stars and may never die." {{cite web|title=Text From Egypt Centre Trail: Reflections Of Women In Ancient Egypt|url=http://www.swan.ac.uk/egypt/events/womentext.htm|year=2001|accessdate=2011-04-28}}</ref>
 
==In popular culture==
=== திரைப்படங்களும் தொலைக்காட்சித் தொடர்களும் ===
Carter has been portrayed by the following actors:<ref name="imdb">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0034196/|title=Howard Carter (Character)|accessdate=8 May 2008|publisher=[[IMDb.com]]}}</ref>
*[[John Cleese]] in the 1970 TV sketch comedy ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'': ''Archaeology Today''.
* [[Robin Ellis]] in the 1980 [[Columbia Pictures Television]] production ''[[The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (1980 film)|The Curse of King Tut's Tomb]]''
* [[Pip Torrens]] in the 1992 [[Lucasfilm]] TV movie ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles|Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of the Jackal]]''.
* [[Pip Torrens]] in the 1995 Lucasfilm TV movie ''[[The Young Indiana Jones ,MPMhronicles|Young Indiana Jones and the Treasure of the Peacock's Eye]]''
* [[Timothy Davies (actor)|Timothy Davies]] in the 1998 [[IMAX]] documentary ''[[Mysteries of Egypt]]''
* [[Stuart Graham(actor)|Stuart Graham]] in the 2005 [[BBC]] docudrama ''[[Egypt (TV series)|Egypt]]''
 
=== படைப்புகள் ===
He appears as a character throughout most of the ''[[Amelia Peabody]]'' series of books by '[[Elizabeth Peters]]' (a pseudonym of Egyptologist Dr Barbara Mertz); and in much of [[Arthur Phillips]]'s ''The Egyptologist''.
 
In the book ''The Tutankhamun Affair'' by [[Christian Jacq]] he is a key character.<ref>[http://weread.com/book/0671028553/Tutankamun+Affair/BOK-14195786-1 ''The Tutankhamun Affair''] Retrieved 23 May 2009</ref>
 
He appears as a main character in ''A Cloudy Day on the West Side'', a novel by Egyptian writer [[Muhammad Al-Mansi Qindeel]].<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1135233.html Book reviews] Retrieved 17 March 2010</ref>
 
James Patterson and Martin Dugard's book "The Murder of King Tut" focuses on Carter's search for King Tut's tomb.
 
He is referenced in [[Hergé]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]], [[The Seven Crystal Balls]]'' published in 1944 by [[Le Soir]]. ISBN 2-203-00112-7
 
He is referenced in ''Wedding of the Season'' by [[Laura Lee Guhrke]]. In this historical romance novel, Carter's telegram to the fictional British Egyptologist the Duke of Sunderland reports discovering "steps to a new tomb" and creates a climatic conflict. Published 2011 by [[Avon Books]]. ISBN 978-0-06-196315-5
<ref>{{cite book|last=Patterson, Dugard|first=James, Martin|title=The Murder of King Tut|year=2010|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=978-0-446-53977-7}}</ref>
 
=== இசைத்துறை ===
''In Search of the Pharaohs'' - a 30-minute [[cantata]] for narrator, junior choir and piano by composer [[Robert Steadman]], commissioned by the [[City of London Freemen's School]] which uses extracts from Carter's diaries as its text.
 
The [[Finland|Finnish]] metal band [[Nightwish]] mentions Carter in the song "Tutankhamen" on its début album [[Angels Fall First]]: ''"For Carter has come / To free my beloved"''.
 
=== கலைத்துறை ===
A paraphrased extract from Howard Carter's diary of 26 November 1922 is used as the [[plaintext]] for Part 3 of the encrypted [[Kryptos]] sculpture at the [[CIA]] Headquarters in [[Langley, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Redmond|first1=J.|last2=Ensor|first2=D.|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/19/cracking.the.code/index.html|title=Cracking the code: Mysterious 'Kryptos' sculpture challenges CIA employees|publisher=CNN|date=19 June 2005}}</ref>
 
Google made a tribute to Howard Carter on his 138th birthday with a Google doodle.<ref>[http://www.maxblogtips.com/howard-carter-138th-birthday-google-doodle/ Howard Carter Google Doodle]</ref>
 
== குறிப்புகளும் மேற்கோள்களும்==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
"https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/ஹாவர்ட்_கார்ட்டர்" இலிருந்து மீள்விக்கப்பட்டது