|
|image = JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = ஜெ. இராபர்ட் ஓப்பன்ஹீமர் c. (1944)
|alt = Head and shoulders portrait
|birth_date = {{birth date|1904|04|22}}
|birth_place = New[[நியூயார்க் York Cityநகரம்]], United[[ஐக்கிய Statesஅமெரிக்கா]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1967|02|18|1904|04|22}}
|death_place = [[Princetonபிரின்ஸ்டன், New[[நியூ Jerseyசெர்சி]], Unitedஐக்கிய Statesஅமெரிக்கா
|residence = Unitedஐக்கிய Statesஅமெரிக்கா
|religion = Jewish[[யூதர்]]
|citizenship = Unitedஐக்கிய Statesஅமெரிக்கா
|nationality =
|fields = [[Theoretical physicsஇயற்பியல்]]
|workplaces = [[Manhattanமன்காட்டன் Projectதிட்டம்]]<br />[[Universityகலிபோர்னியா ofபல்கலைக்கழகம் California, Berkeley(பெர்க்லி)]]<br />[[Californiaகலிபோர்னியா Instituteதொழில்நுட்பக் ofகல்வி Technologyநிலையம்]] <br /> [[Institute for Advanced Study]]
|alma_mater = [[Harvardஹார்வர்டு Universityபல்கலைக்கழகம்]]<br />[[University ofகேம்பிரிச்சுப் Cambridgeபல்கலைக்கழகம்]]<br />[[University of Göttingen]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Maxமாக்ஸ் Bornபோர்ன்]]
|doctoral_students =
|doctoral_students = [[Samuel W. Alderson]]<br />[[David Bohm]]<br />[[Robert Christy]]<br />[[Sidney Dancoff]]<br/>[[Stan Frankel]]<br />[[Willis Eugene Lamb]]<br/>[[Harold Lewis]]<br/>[[Philip Morrison]]<br />[[Melba Phillips]]<br/>[[Hartland Snyder]]<br/>[[George Volkoff]]
|known_for = [[Nuclearஅணு weaponsகுண்டு|Nuclearஅணுகுண்டுத் weapons developmentதயாரிப்பு]]<br />[[Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit]]<br />[[Oppenheimer-Phillips process]]<br />[[Born–Oppenheimer approximation]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards = [[Enricoஎன்ரிக்கோ Fermiபெர்மி Award]]விருது
|religion =
|signature = J Robert Oppenheimer signature.svg
|footnotes = Brother of physicist [[Frank Oppenheimer]]
}}
'''ஜெ. இராபர்ட் ஓப்பன்ஹீமர்''' ( J. Robert Oppenheimer:{{#tag:ref |The meaning of the ' J' in J. Robert Oppenheimer has been a source of confusion. Historians Alice Kimball Smith and Charles Weiner sum up the general historical opinion in their volume ''Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and recollections'', on page 1: "Whether the 'J' in Robert's name stood for Julius or, as Robert himself once said, 'for nothing' may never be fully resolved. His brother Frank surmised that the 'J' was symbolic, a gesture in the direction of naming the eldest son after the father but at the same time a signal that his parents did not want Robert to be a 'junior.'" It is not Jewish custom to name children after living relatives. In Peter Goodchild's ''J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of Worlds'', it is said that Robert's father, Julius, added the empty initial to give Robert's name additional distinction, but Goodchild's book has no footnotes, so the source of this assertion is unclear. Robert's claim that the 'J' stood "for nothing" is taken from an autobiographical interview conducted by Thomas S. Kuhn on November 18, 1963, which currently resides in the Archive for the History of Quantum Physics. On the other hand, Oppenheimer's birth certificate reads "Julius Robert Oppenheimer".|name="name" |group="note"}} ஏப்ரல் 22, 1904 – பிப்ரவரி 18, 1967)<ref name="frs">{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1968.0016}} reprinted as {{Cite journal |last=Bethe |first=Hans |authorlink=Hans Bethe | title = J. Robert Oppenheimer 1904-1967 | journal = Biographical Memoirs | volume = 71 | pages = 175–218 | url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5737&page=175 | publisher = [[United States National Academy of Sciences ]] |location = Washington, D.C.| year = 1997 |ref=harv}}</ref> ஓர் அமெரிக்க அறிவியலிலறிஞர்அறிவியலாளர். கோட்பாட்டு இயற்பியலாளர்; [[கலிபோர்னியா]] பல்கலைகழகத்தில் இயற்பியல் பேராசிரியராக [[என்ரிக்கோ பெர்மி]]யுடன் பணிபுரிந்தவர்;<ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 1954 |title=Enrico Fermi Dead at 53; Architect of Atomic Bomb |url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0929.html |newspaper=[[ The Newத Yorkநியூயார்க் Timesடைம்ஸ்]] |accessdate= Augustஆகத்து 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lichello|1971}}</ref> [[இரண்டாம் உலகப்போர்|இரண்டாம் உலகப்போரில்]] மன்ஹாட்டன் செயல்திட்டத்தில் இவர் ஆற்றிய பங்களிப்பின் காரணமாக இவர் 'அணுகுண்டுகளின் தந்தை' என அறியப்படுகிறார்.<ref>{{harvnb|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=xi}}</ref> ▼
▲'''ஜெ. இராபர்ட் ஓப்பன்ஹீமர்''' (J. Robert Oppenheimer:{{#tag:ref |The meaning of the 'J' in J. Robert Oppenheimer has been a source of confusion. Historians Alice Kimball Smith and Charles Weiner sum up the general historical opinion in their volume ''Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and recollections'', on page 1: "Whether the 'J' in Robert's name stood for Julius or, as Robert himself once said, 'for nothing' may never be fully resolved. His brother Frank surmised that the 'J' was symbolic, a gesture in the direction of naming the eldest son after the father but at the same time a signal that his parents did not want Robert to be a 'junior.'" It is not Jewish custom to name children after living relatives. In Peter Goodchild's ''J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of Worlds'', it is said that Robert's father, Julius, added the empty initial to give Robert's name additional distinction, but Goodchild's book has no footnotes, so the source of this assertion is unclear. Robert's claim that the 'J' stood "for nothing" is taken from an autobiographical interview conducted by Thomas S. Kuhn on November 18, 1963, which currently resides in the Archive for the History of Quantum Physics. On the other hand, Oppenheimer's birth certificate reads "Julius Robert Oppenheimer".|name="name" |group="note"}} ஏப்ரல் 22, 1904 – பிப்ரவரி 18, 1967)<ref name="frs">{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1968.0016}} reprinted as {{Cite journal |last=Bethe |first=Hans |authorlink=Hans Bethe | title = J. Robert Oppenheimer 1904-1967 | journal = Biographical Memoirs | volume = 71 | pages = 175–218 | url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5737&page=175 | publisher = [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] |location = Washington, D.C.| year = 1997 |ref=harv}}</ref> ஓர் அமெரிக்க அறிவியலிலறிஞர்.கோட்பாட்டு இயற்பியலாளர்; [[கலிபோர்னியா]] பல்கலைகழகத்தில் இயற்பியல் பேராசிரியராக [[என்ரிக்கோ பெர்மி]]யுடன் பணிபுரிந்தவர்;<ref>{{cite news |date=November 29, 1954 |title=Enrico Fermi Dead at 53; Architect of Atomic Bomb |url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0929.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=August 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lichello|1971}}</ref> [[இரண்டாம் உலகப்போர்|இரண்டாம் உலகப்போரில்]] மன்ஹாட்டன் செயல்திட்டத்தில் இவர் ஆற்றிய பங்களிப்பின் காரணமாக இவர் 'அணுகுண்டுகளின் தந்தை' என அறியப்படுகிறார்.<ref>{{harvnb|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=xi}}</ref>
== மேற்கோள்களும் குறிப்புகளும் ==
{{Reflist |colwidth=30em}} ▼
[[பகுப்பு:அமெரிக்க இயற்பியலாளர்கள்]]
;Notes
[[பகுப்பு:1904 பிறப்புகள்]]
<references group="note" />
[[பகுப்பு:1967 இறப்புகள்]]
;Citations
▲{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== உசாத்துணை ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Robert_Oppenheimer.ogg|April 18, 2005|SubCat=}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Leif E. |last2=Whitaker |first2=Ewen A. |title=NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |location=Springfield, Virginia |year=1982 |oclc=9424347 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bethe |first=Hans |authorlink=Hans Bethe |title=The Road from Los Alamos|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=New York, New York |year=1968|isbn= 0-88318-707-8 |oclc=22661282 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bird |first=Kai |authorlink=Kai Bird|first2=Martin J. |last2=Sherwin |authorlink2=Martin J. Sherwin |title=[[American Prometheus|American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer]]|location=New York, New York|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|year=2005|isbn=0-375-41202-6 |oclc=56753298|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last=Carson |first=Cathryn |contribution=§Introduction |pages=1–10 |editor-last=Carson |editor-first=Cathryn|editor2-last=Hollinger |editor2-first=David A. |title=Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections|location=Berkeley, California|year=2005|isbn=0-9672617-3-2|publisher=Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California|oclc=64385611|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last=Cassidy |first=David |title = J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century |publisher = Pi Press |location=New York, New York |year = 2005 |isbn = 0-13-147996-2 |oclc=56503198 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last=Conant |first=Jennet|title=109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York, New York |year=2005 |isbn= 0-7432-5007-9|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last= Feldman |first=Burton |title=The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige|publisher=[[Arcade Publishing]] |location=New York, New York |year=2000 |isbn=1-55970-537-X|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book|last=Groves |first=Leslie |authorlink=Leslie Groves |title=Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. |location = New York, New York |publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]] |year=1962 |isbn=0-306-70738-1|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last= Haynes |first=John Earl |title= Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn= 0-521-67407-7 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last=Herken|first=Gregg|title=Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller|location=New York, New York |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-8050-6588-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hewlett |first=Richard G. |authorlink = Richard G. Hewlett |last2=Anderson |first2=Oscar E. |title=The New World, 1939–1946 |series = A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission |location = University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]] |year = 1962 |isbn = 0-520-07186-7|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last = Hewlett |first = Richard G. |authorlink = Richard G. Hewlett |last2 = Duncan |first2 = Francis | title = Atomic Shield, Volume II, 1947–1952 |series = A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission |publisher = [[Pennsylvania State University Press]] |location = University Park, Pennsylvania |year = 1969 |isbn = 0-520-07187-5 | ref=harv }}
* {{Cite journal |last= Hijiya |first=James A. |url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/Hijiya.pdf|title=The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer|journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]|volume=144|issue=2|date=June 2000|format=PDF|accessdate=December 14, 2010|ref= harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hoddeson |first=Lillian |first2=Paul W. |last2=Henriksen |first3=Roger A. |last3=Meade |first4=Catherine L. |last4=Westfall |title=Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 |location=New York, New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-521-44132-3|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hollinger |first=David A. |contribution=§Afterward |pages=385–390 |editor-last=Carson |editor-first=Cathryn|editor2-last=Hollinger |editor2-first=David A. |title=Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections|location=Berkeley, California|year=2005|isbn=0-9672617-3-2|publisher=Office for History of Science and Technology, Univ. of California|oclc=64385611|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hufbauer |first=Karl |contribution=J. Robert Oppenheimer's Path to Black Holes |pages=31–47 |editor-last=Carson |editor-first=Cathryn|editor2-last=Hollinger |editor2-first=David A. |title=Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections|location=Berkeley, California|year=2005|isbn=0-9672617-3-2|publisher=Office for History of Science and Technology, Univ. of California|oclc=64385611|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jungk |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Jungk |year=1958 |title=[[Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists]] |location=New York, New York |publisher=Harcourt Brace |isbn=0-15-614150-7 |oclc=181321|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book|last = Jones |first = Vincent |title = Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb |publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | year = 1985 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last= Kelly |first=Cynthia C.|title=Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project: Insights into J. Robert Oppenheimer, "Father of the Atomic Bomb" |location=Hackensack, New Jersey |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |year=2006 |isbn=981-256-418-7 |oclc=65637244 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lichello |first=R. |year=1971 |title=Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb |publisher=SamHar Press
|isbn=978-0-87157-011-6 |oclc=262201 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pais|first=Abraham|title=J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-19-516673-6 |location=Oxford |oclc=65637244|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Polenberg|first=Richard|title=In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Security Clearance Hearing|location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |oclc=47767155 |year=2002 |isbn=0-8014-3783-0 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Polenberg|first=Richard |contribution=The Fortunate Fox |title=Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections |pages=267–272 |editor-last=Carson |editor-first=Cathryn|editor2-last=Hollinger |editor2-first=David A.|location=Berkeley, California|year=2005|isbn=0-9672617-3-2|publisher=Office for History of Science and Technology, Univ. of California|oclc=64385611|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Rhodes |first=Richard |authorlink = Richard Rhodes| title='I Am Become Death...': The Agony of J. Robert Oppenheimer |work=[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]] |date = October 1977|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1977/6/1977_6_70.shtml | accessdate=May 23, 2008| ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last = Rhodes |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Rhodes|title=[[The Making of the Atomic Bomb]] |location=[[New York, New York]] |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-671-44133-7 |oclc=13793436 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last= Smith|first=Alice Kimball|last2=Weiner |first2=Charles|title=Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and recollections|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=1980 |isbn= 0-8047-2620-5 |oclc=5946652 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite document |last=Stern|first=Philip M.|title=The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial |location=New York, New York |publisher=[[Harper & Row]]|year=1969 |oclc=31389 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite document |last= Strout |first=Cushing |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&docId=23021257 |title= Conscience, Science and Security: The Case of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer|location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=[[Rand McNally]] |year=1963 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Szasz |first=Ferenc M. |title = The Day the Sun Rose Twice |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=1984 |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |isbn= 0-8263-0767-1 |oclc=10779209 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite document |last=United States Atomic Energy Commission |authorlink=United States Atomic Energy Commission |title=In the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer |year=1954 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://archive.org/details/unitedstatesatom007206mbp |accessdate=20 February 2013 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolverton |first=Mark |title=A Life in Twilight: The Final Years of J. Robert Oppenheimer |location= New York, New York |publisher= [[St. Martin's Press]] |year= 2008 |isbn= 0-312-37440-2 |oclc=223882887 |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}
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