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== சுற்று சூழல் இரைச்சல்==
[[Environmental noiseசுற்றுசூழல்]] isஇரைச்சல் theஎன்பது accumulationஒரு ofகுறிப்பிட்ட allசுற்றுசூழலில் noiseஉண்டாகும் presentஇரைச்சல் in a specified environmentஅளவாகும். இரைச்சலின் Theமுதன்மையான principalமூலங்கள் sources of environmental noise are surface motor vehicles[[வானூர்தி]], aircraft[[புகைவண்டி]], trainsஇயக்கூர்தி andமற்றும் [[தொழிற்சாலை]]கள் industrialஆகியவை sourcesஆகும்.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stansfeld|first=Stephen A.|last2=Matheson|first2=Mark P.|date=2003-12-01|title=Noise pollution: non-auditory effects on health|url=http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/243|journal=British Medical Bulletin|language=en|volume=68|issue=1|pages=243–257|doi=10.1093/bmb/ldg033|issn=0007-1420|pmid=14757721}}</ref> Theseஇரைச்சலால் noise sources expose millions of people toஏற்படும் [[noiseஒலி pollutionமாசு]] thatஇலட்சக்கணக்கான createsமக்களைப் not only annoyanceபாதித்து, butஅவர்களுக்கு alsoகேட்டல் significant health consequences such as elevated incidence of hearingகுறைபாட்டையும், lossஇதய andசம்பந்தப்பட்ட cardiovascularநோய்களையும் diseaseஉண்டாக்குகிறது.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307272/|title=EHP – Environmental Noise Pollution in the United States: Developing an Effective Public Health Response|website=ehp.niehs.nih.gov|access-date=2016-06-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702095821/http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307272/|archivedate=2016-07-02|df=}}</ref> There are a variety of mitigation strategies and controls available to reduce sound levels including source intensity reduction, [[land-useநிலப் planning]] strategies, [[noiseபயன்பாட்டுத் barrierதிட்டமிடல்]]s and [[sound baffle]]s, timeஇரைச்சல் of day use regimensதடுப்பான்கள், vehicleகட்டடக்கலை operationalஒலிமவியல் controlsஆகியவற்றின் andமூலம் [[architecturalஇரைச்சல் acoustics]]கட்டுப்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. design measures.
== இரைச்சலை நேர்படுத்தல் ==
== இரைச்சல் ஏற்படுத்தும் உடல் நல விளைவுகள் == ▼
[[File:Bouchon d'oreille préformé.jpg|thumb|நமது காதுகளைப் பேரிரைச்சலிருந்து பாதுகாக்கும் செவிச்செருகிகள்.]]
Certain geographic areas or specific occupations may be at a higher risk of being exposed to constantly high levels of noise; in order to prevent negative health outcomes, regulations may be set. Noise regulation includes statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national, state or provincial and municipal levels of government. Environmental noise is governed by laws and standards which set maximum recommended levels of noise for specific land uses, such as residential areas, areas of outstanding natural beauty, or schools. These standards usually specify measurement using a [[weighting filter]], most often [[A-weighting]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthjournalism.net/resources/noise-pollution-managing-the-challenge-of-urban-sounds|title=Noise Pollution: Managing the Challenge of Urban Sounds|last=Bhatia|first=Rajiv|date=May 20, 2014|website=Earth Journalism Network|publisher=|access-date=June 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kineticsnoise.com/industrial/noise_ordinance.html|title=Noise Ordinance: Noise Regulations from U.S. Cities|website=www.kineticsnoise.com|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>
Exposureஇரைச்சல் toஎன்பது noiseதேவையற்ற isஉடல் associatedநல withபாதிப்புகளை several negative health outcomesஏற்படுத்துகிறது. Dependingஅதிக onநேரம் durationகாதுகளை andஇரைச்சலைக் levelகேட்கச் ofசெய்யும் exposureபோது, noise may cause or increase the likelihood of [[ hearingகேள்விக் lossகுறைபாடு]], [[ Hypertension|highஉயர் bloodஇரத்த pressureஅழுத்தம்]], [[ Coronaryகுருதி arteryஊட்டக்குறை disease|ischemicஇதய heart diseaseநோய்]], [[Sleepதூக்கக் disorder|sleepகுறைபாடுகள் disturbances]], [[Congenital disorder|injuries]],மற்றும் andபள்ளிச் evenசெயல்பாடுகளில் decreasedஈடுபாடின்மை schoolஆகியவை performanceஏற்படுகின்றன.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Passchier-Vermeer|first=W|last2=Passchier|first2=W F|date=2000-03-01|title=Noise exposure and public health.|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=108|issue=Suppl 1|pages=123–131|issn=0091-6765|pmc=1637786|pmid=10698728|doi=10.2307/3454637}}</ref> There are also causal relationships between noise and psychological effects such as annoyance, psychiatric disorders, and effects on psychosocial well-being.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Passchier-Vermeer|first=Willy|date=March 1, 2000|title=Noise Exposure and Public Health|pmc=1637786|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=108|issue=Suppl 1|pages=123–131|pmid=10698728|doi=10.2307/3454637}}</ref> ▼=== அமெரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடு ===
In 1972, the [[Noise Control Act]] was passed to promote a healthy living environment for all Americans, where noise does not pose a threat to human health. This policy's main objectives were: (1) establish coordination of research in the area of [[noise control]], (2) establish federal standards on noise emission for commercial products, and (3) promote public awareness about noise emission and reduction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-noise-control-act|title=Summary of the Noise Control Act|last=EPA, OA, OP, ORPM, RMD|first=US|website=www.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2016-06-16}}</ref><ref>Noise Control Act of 1972, P.L. 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234, {{Usc|42|4901}} – {{Usc|42|4918}}.</ref>
சமீப காலமாக இரைச்சல் என்பது பொது சுகாதாரப் பிரச்னையாக மாறியுள்ளது. கேட்டல் குறைபாட்டை தடுக்கும் முறைகள் சில நாடுகளில் பின்பற்றப்படுகிறது.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/default.html|title=CDC – Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topi|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>
The [[Quiet Communities Act of 1978]] promotes noise control programs at the state and local level and developed a research program on noise control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/95/s3083/text|title=Text of S. 3083 (95th): Quiet Communities Act (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version) – GovTrack.us|website=GovTrack.us|access-date=2016-06-16}}</ref> Both laws authorized the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] to study the effects of noise and evaluate regulations regarding noise control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/title-iv-noise-pollution|title=Title IV – Noise Pollution|last=EPA, OAR, OAA, IO|first=US|website=www.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2016-06-16}}</ref>
==== வேலை செய்யுமிடங்களில் இரைச்சல் ====
In the US, the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) provides recommendation on noise exposure in the workplace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/stats.html|title=CDC – Facts and Statistics: Noise – NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2016/02/08/noise/|title=CDC – NIOSH Science Blog – Understanding Noise Exposure Limits: Occupational vs. General Environmental Noise|website=blogs.cdc.gov|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref> In 1972 (revised in 1998), NIOSH published a document outlining recommended standards relating to the occupational exposure to noise, with the purpose of reducing the risk of developing permanent hearing loss related to exposure at work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/1970/73-11001.html|title=CDC – NIOSH Publications and Products – Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Noise (73-11001)|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref> This publication set the recommended exposure limit (REL) of noise in an occupation setting to 85 dBA for 8 hours. However, in 1973 the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) maintained the requirement of an 8-hour average of 90 dBA. The following year, OSHA required employers to provide a [[hearing conservation program]] to workers exposed to 85 dBA average 8-hour workdays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/index.html#effectsofexcessive|title=OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) {{!}} Section III: Chapter 5 – Noise|website=www.osha.gov|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>
=== ஐரோப்பா ===
The [[European Environment Agency]] regulates noise control and surveillance within the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/noise/policy-context|title=Noise: Policy Context|date=June 3, 2016|website=European Environmental Agency|publisher=|access-date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> The [[Environmental noise directive|Environmental Noise Directive]] was set to determine levels of noise exposure, increase public access to information regarding environmental noise, and reduce environmental noise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/noise/directive_en.htm|title=Directive – Noise – Environment – European Commission|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=2016-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/turkey/ipa/2009/tr2009_032703-environmental_noise_directive_en.pdf|title=Standard Summary Project Fiche: Implementation Capacity for Environmental Noise Directive|date=|website=European Commission|publisher=|access-date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> Additionally, in the European Union, underwater noise is a pollutant according to the [[Marine Strategy Framework Directive]] (MSFD).<ref name="MSFD">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm|title=Our Oceans, Seas and Coasts|work=europa.eu}}</ref> The MSFD requires EU [[Member States]] to achieve or maintain [[Good Environmental Status]], meaning that the "introduction of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that do not adversely affect the marine environment".<ref name="MSFD"/>
▲== இரைச்சல் ஏற்படுத்தும் உடல் நல விளைவுகள் ==
இரைச்சல் கூட ஒரு தொழில்சார்ந்த இடத்தில் ஏற்படும் ஆபத்து என்று நிரூபிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது, ஏனெனில் இது மிகவும் பொதுவான வேலை செய்யுமிடத்தில் உண்டாகும் மாசுபடுத்தியாகும்.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2016/04/27/hearing-loss-years-lost/|title=Measuring the Impact of Hearing Loss on Quality of Life|last=Masterson|first=Elizabeth|date=2016-04-27|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>
[[File:Bouchon d'oreille préformé.jpg|thumb|[[Earplug]]s can be used to protect the user's ears from loud noises.]]
▲Exposure to noise is associated with several negative health outcomes. Depending on duration and level of exposure, noise may cause or increase the likelihood of [[hearing loss]], [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[Coronary artery disease|ischemic heart disease]], [[Sleep disorder|sleep disturbances]], [[Congenital disorder|injuries]], and even decreased school performance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Passchier-Vermeer|first=W|last2=Passchier|first2=W F|date=2000-03-01|title=Noise exposure and public health.|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=108|issue=Suppl 1|pages=123–131|issn=0091-6765|pmc=1637786|pmid=10698728|doi=10.2307/3454637}}</ref> There are also causal relationships between noise and psychological effects such as annoyance, psychiatric disorders, and effects on psychosocial well-being.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Passchier-Vermeer|first=Willy|date=March 1, 2000|title=Noise Exposure and Public Health|pmc=1637786|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=108|issue=Suppl 1|pages=123–131|pmid=10698728|doi=10.2307/3454637}}</ref>
Noise-induced hearing loss, when associate with exposures from the workplace is also called [[occupational hearing loss]].
Noise exposure has increasingly been identified as a [[public health]] issue, especially in an occupational setting, as demonstrated with the creation of NIOSH's Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/default.html|title=CDC – Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topi|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref> Noise has also proven to be an [[occupational hazard]], as it is the most common work-related pollutant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2016/04/27/hearing-loss-years-lost/|title=Measuring the Impact of Hearing Loss on Quality of Life|last=Masterson|first=Elizabeth|date=2016-04-27|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref> Noise-induced hearing loss, when associate with exposures from the workplace is also called [[occupational hearing loss]].
=== தடுக்கும் முறைகள் ===
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