பயனர்:Ravidreams/மணல்தொட்டி/WTO-en-concise
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization regulating and facilitating international trade.[1] Headquartered in Geneva, it provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements, aiming to reduce trade barriers.[2] With 166 members, the WTO represents over 98% of global trade and GDP.[3][4] It also administers dispute resolution and prohibits discrimination between trading partners, while allowing exceptions for certain goals.[5]
History
தொகுThe WTO succeeded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995.[6] GATT, established in 1947, functioned as a de facto international organization after the International Trade Organization failed to launch.[7] Several rounds of GATT negotiations focused on tariff reductions before the Uruguay Round (1986-1994) expanded the scope to services, intellectual property, and agriculture.[8]
Functions
தொகுThe WTO's primary function is to facilitate trade growth by overseeing the implementation of trade agreements and providing a forum for negotiations and dispute resolution.[9][10] It also reviews national trade policies, assists developing countries, and conducts economic research.[11]
Principles of the trading system
தொகுThe WTO's trading system is based on key principles including non-discrimination (MFN treatment and national treatment), reciprocity, binding commitments, transparency, and safety values.[12] These principles aim to create a predictable and stable trading environment.
Accession and membership
தொகுBecoming a WTO member involves a multi-year process of application, review, and negotiation.[13] The WTO currently has 166 members and 23 observer governments.[14]
Criticism
தொகுCritics argue that the benefits of WTO-facilitated free trade are not shared equally and that trade liberalization does not guarantee economic growth or poverty reduction.[15][16] They also raise concerns about the potential negative impacts of premature trade liberalization on developing economies.
Impact
தொகுStudies suggest that the WTO has boosted trade and reduced trade barriers through its dispute settlement mechanism.[17][18][19] Research has also shown the WTO's influence on the text of preferential trade agreements.[20]
See also
தொகுReferences
தொகு- ↑ "Members and Observers". WTO official website. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011.
- ↑ Oatley, Thomas (2019). International Political Economy (6th ed.). Routledge. pp. 51–52. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-1-351-03464-7. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 5 August 2021.
- ↑ "WTO Annual Report 2023". www.wto.org. p. 199. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 7 April 2024.
- ↑ "WTO Annual Report 2023". www.wto.org. p. 196. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 7 April 2024.
- ↑ "U.S. Trade Policy: Going it Alone vs. Abiding by the WTO". Econofact. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 30 June 2018.
- ↑ Footer, M. E. Analysis of the World Trade Organization. p. 17.
- ↑ Fergusson, Ian F. (9 May 2007). "The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues" (PDF). Congressional Research Service: 4. http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/98-928.pdf. பார்த்த நாள்: 15 August 2008.
- ↑ "The Uruguay Round". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007.
- ↑ "Functions of the WTO". IISD. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ↑ "Main Functions". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006.
- ↑ "WTO Assistance for Developing Countries". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015.
- ↑ "Principles of the Trading System". WTO official site. Archived from the original on 11 December 2004.
- ↑ "Accessions Summary". Center for International Development. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007.
- ↑ "Ministers approve WTO membership of Comoros and Timor-Leste at MC13". World Trade Organization. 26 February 2024. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 26 February 2024.
- ↑ Joseph, Sarah; Joseph, Sarah Louise (2011). Blame it on the WTO?: A Human Rights Critique. OUP Oxford. pp. 164–167. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-19-956589-4. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 23 August 2020.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Rorden (2014). What's wrong with the WTO and how to fix it. Cambridge, UK: Polity. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-745-67245-8. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 12 September 2020.
- ↑ Broda, C.; Limão, N.; Weinstein, D. E. (2008). "Optimal Tariffs and Market Power: The Evidence". American Economic Review 98 (5): 2032–2065. doi:10.1257/aer.98.5.2032.
- ↑ Goldstein, Judith L.; Rivers, Douglas; Tomz, Michael (2007). "Institutions in International Relations: Understanding the Effects of the GATT and the WTO on World Trade". International Organization 61 (1): 37–67. doi:10.1017/S0020818307070014. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1531-5088.
- ↑ Silva, Peri Agostinho; Nicita, Alessandro; Olarreaga, Marcelo (2018). "Cooperation in WTO's Tariff Waters?" (PDF). Journal of Political Economy 126 (3): 1302–1338. doi:10.1086/697085. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:0022-3808.
- ↑ Allee, Todd; Elsig, Manfred; Lugg, Andrew (2017). "The Ties between the World Trade Organization and Preferential Trade Agreements: A Textual Analysis". Journal of International Economic Law 20 (2): 333–363. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgx009. பன்னாட்டுத் தர தொடர் எண்:1369-3034.
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