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குடியரசு: திருத்தங்களுக்கு இடையிலான வேறுபாடு

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சி தானியங்கி: 130 விக்கியிடை இணைப்புகள் நகர்த்தப்படுகின்றன, தற்போது விக்கிதரவில் இ...
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வரிசை 11:
சில குடியரசுகளில், நாட்டுத் தலைவருக்கு சில அம்சங்களில் மன்னர்களை ஒத்த அதிகாரங்கள் இருப்பதும் உண்டு. சில குடியரசுகள், நாட்டுத் தலைவரை அவர் வாழும் காலம் வரைக்கும் பதவியில் இருத்துவது மட்டுமன்றி, வழமையான சனநாயக அமைப்பில் இருப்பதிலும் பார்க்க, கூடிய அதிகாரங்களை அவருக்கு அளிக்கின்றன. [[சிரிய அரபுக் குடியரசு]] இதற்கு நல்லதோர் எடுத்துக்காட்டு ஆகும்.
 
==குடியரசு நாடுகள்==
 
===Antiquity===
*[[Classical Athens]] (508 BC – 322 BC) under the reforms of [[Cleisthenes]]
*Various Greek city-states under [[Athenian]] influence: these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see [[synoecism]]s), and in some instances were even under the influence of [[Sparta]] without succumbing to the adoption of the government system of [[oligarchy]]
*[[Roman Republic]] (c. 509 BC – 27 BC)
*[[Ancient Carthage]] (308 BC – 146 BC)
*[[Licchavi (clan)|The Licchavis]] (c. 600 BC – c. 300 BC), one of the eight confederate clans of the [[Vajji|Vajjian Confederacy]]:<ref>Jagdish P. Sharma, [http://books.google.gr/books?id=zcoUAAAAIAAJ&dq= ''Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.– 500 B.C.], [[Brill Publishers]], 1968, p. 82.</ref><ref>Sharma (1968): p. 104: "[...] 7.707 was the number of the Licchavi Khattiyas, all calling themselves ''rājās'', who formed the General Assembly. They normally met once a year for important and grave public business."</ref> the [[Vaishali (ancient city)|city of Vaishali]] was the capital of the republic
*[[The Kurus]], a clan in [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]] [[Vedic India]], which started in the Early Vedic period and later evolved into a [[republic]]an [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada state]] in the Later Vedic period.
 
===Middle Ages and Renaissance===
{{Div col}}
*[[Republic of San Marino]] (301–present)
*[[Republic of Amalfi]] (839–1131)
*[[Republic of Venice]] (c. 9th century–1797)
*[[Icelandic Commonwealth]] (930–1262)
*[[Republic of Pisa]] (11th century – 1406, 1494–1509)
*[[Republic of Genoa]] (c. 1100–1797)
*[[Republic of Florence]] (1115–1537)
*[[Novgorod Republic]] (1136–1478)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waytorussia.net/CentralRussia/Novgorod/History.html |title=Brief history of Novgorod |accessdate=2007-12-26 |work=[http://www.waytorussia.net/index.html WayToRussia.Net]}}</ref>
*[[Commune of Rome]] (1144–1193)
*[[Republic of Lucca]] (1160–1805)
*[[Republic of Siena]] (1167–1557)
*[[Old Swiss Confederacy]] (1291–1798)
*[[Republic of Ragusa]] (14th century – 1808)
*[[Pskov Republic]] (1348–1510)
*[[Republic of Cospaia]] (1440–1826)
*[[Ambrosian Republic]] (1447–1450)
*[[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (1569–1795)
*[[Zaporizhian Sich]] (1552—1775)
*[[Dutch Republic]] (1581–1795)
*[[Republic of Salé]] (1619–1668)
{{Div col end}}
 
===Early modern===
{{Div col}}
*[[Catalan Republic]] (1641)
*[[Goust#History|Goust]] (1648? – ?)
*[[Cossack Hetmanate]] (1649–1764)
*[[Commonwealth of England]] (1649–1660)
*[[Corsican Republic]] (1755–1769)<ref name="Carrington, Dorothy 1769 pp 481-503">Carrington, Dorothy, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755-1769)," ''The English Historical Review'', July 1973, pp 481-503</ref>
*[[West Florida]] (1763–1810)
*[[United States of America]] (1776–present)
*[[Vermont Republic]] (1777–1791)<ref name="Van de Water 1974">{{cite book |last=Van de Water |first=Frederic Franklyn |title=The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791 |year=1974 |publisher=The Countryman Press |isbn=0-914378-02-3 }}</ref>
*[[First French Republic]] (1792–1804)
*[[Lanfang Republic]] (1777–1884)
*[[Cisalpine Republic]] (1797–1802)
*[[Helvetic Republic]] (1798–1802)
*[[State of Muskogee]] (1799–1803)
{{Div col end}}
 
===19th century===
{{Div col}}
*[[Septinsular Republic]] (1800–1815)
*[[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]] (1802–1805)
*[[Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)|Swiss Confederation]] (1803–1815)
*[[Confederation of the Rhine]] (1806–1813)
*[[Haiti#Independence and Division (1804)|Republic of Haiti]] (1806–1849; restored 1859)
*[[Paraguay]] (1811–present)
*[[United States of the Ionian Islands]] (1815–1864)
*[[Free City of Krakow]] (1815–1846)
*[[Argentina]] (1816–present)
*[[Chile]] (1818–present)
*[[Colombia]] (1819–present)
*[[Costa Rica]] (1821–present)
*[[El Salvador]] (1821–present)
*[[Guatemala]] (1821–present)
*[[Honduras]] (1821–present)
*[[Nicaragua]] (1821–present)
*[[Liberia]] (1822–present)
*[[Federal Republic of Central America]] (1823–1840)
*[[Mexico]] (1824–present)
*[[Peru]] (1824–present)
*[[Bolivia]] (1825–present)
*[[First Hellenic Republic]] (1828–1832)
*[[Uruguay]] (1828–present)
*[[Venezuela]] (1830–present)
*[[Ecuador]] (1830–present)
*[[Republic of Texas]] (1836–1845)
*[[Dominican War of Independence|First Dominican Republic]] (1844–1863)
*[[Second French Republic]] (1848–1852)
*[[California Republic]] (June – July 1846)
*[[Menton]] and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]] (1848–1861)
*[[Roman Republic (19th century)|Roman Republic (February – April 1849)]]
*[[Confederate States of America]] (1860–1865)
*[[Dominican Republic|Second Dominican Republic]] (1865–present)
*[[Republic of Ezo]] (1868–1869)
*[[Third French Republic]] (1871–1940)
*Independent Republic of [[Motril]] (1873)<ref>Comité de Salud Pública en Motril durante la Revolución Cantonalde 1873. Actas de Creación. Motril, 1989.</ref>
*[[Franceville, New Hebrides|Franceville]] (1889)<ref name="Wee, Small Republics 1895, p 1">"Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government," ''Hawaiian Gazette'', Nov 1, 1895, p. 1.</ref>
*[[Federative Republic of Brazil]] (1889–present)
*[[Republic of Hawaii]] (1894–1898)
*[[Republic of Formosa]] (1895)
*[[Haring Bayan ng Katagalugan]] (1896–1897)
*[[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]] (1897)
*[[First Philippine Republic]] (1898–1901)
*[[Greater Republic of Central America]] (1896–1898)
*[[Republic of Acre]] (1st: 1899–1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
*[[Republic of Yucatán]] (1840–1843; 1846–1848)
*[[First Spanish Republic]] (1873–1874)
{{Div col end}}
 
===20th century===
{{Div col}}
*[[Cuba]] (established 1902)
*[[Panama]] (est. 1903)
*[[Portugal]] (est. 5 October 1910)
*[[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China (Republic of)]] (est. 1911)
*[[Finland]] (est. 1917)
*[[Russian Republic]] (est. 1917)
*[[Estonia]] (est. 1918)
*[[Lithuania]] (est. 1918)
*[[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] (est. 26 May 1918; lost independence to Soviet Russia on 25 April 1921), first democratic parliamentary republic in the Transcaucasia
*[[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan]] (est. 28 May 1918; lost independence to Soviet Russia on 28 April 1920), first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim world
*[[Republic of Ireland]] (est. 1922)
*[[Free City of Danzig]] (1807–1814)
*[[Turkey]] (est. 1923)
*[[Mongolia]] (1924–present)
*[[Second Hellenic Republic]] (1924–1935)
*[[Equatorial Guinea]] (1931–present)
*[[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] (1935–1946)
*[[Catalan Republic]] (1931)
*[[Second Spanish Republic]] (''de jure'': 1931–1939; ''de facto'': 1931–1975)
*[[Fourth French Republic]] (1946–1958)
*[[Indonesia]] (est. August 17, 1945)
*[[Italy|Italian Republic]] (since referendum on June 2, 1946)
*[[Republic of the Philippines]] (1946, fully independent from the United States of America, inaugurated on 4 July 1946)
*[[Albania]] (est. 1946)
*[[Romania]] (est. 1947)
*[[Taiwan]] (since 1947)
*[[Israel]] (since 1948)
*[[South Korea|Republic of Korea]] (since 1948)
*[[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (since 1948)
*[[Myanmar]] (since 1948)
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (est. 1949)<ref>Joseph Lee, ''[http://books.google.ie/books?id=KiIZ_x8IWQUC&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society]'', Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 300.</ref>
*[[China|China (People's Republic of)]] (est. 1949)
*[[India]] (est. 1950)
*[[Egypt]] (est. 1953)
*[[Pakistan]] (est. 1956)
*[[Sudan]] (est. 1956)
*[[South Sudan]] (since 9 July 2011)
*[[Ghana]] (est. 1957)
*[[Iraq]] (est. 1958)
*[[Fifth French Republic]] (since 1958)
*[[Benin]] (est. 1960)
*[[Cyprus]] (est. 1960)
*[[Mauritania]] (since 1960)
*[[Nigeria]] (since 1960)
*[[Somalia]] (since 1960)
*[[Cameroon]] (since 1961)
*[[Namibia]] (since 1961)
*[[Sierra Leone]] (since 1961)
*[[South Africa]] (since 1961)
*[[Burundi]] (since 1962)
*[[Rwanda]] (since 1962)
*[[Uganda]] (since 1962)
*[[Algeria]] (est. 1962)
*[[Singapore]] (est. 1965)
*[[Kenya]] (since 1963)
*[[Malawi]] (since 1964)
*[[Tanzania]] (since 1964)
*[[Zambia]] (since 1964)
*[[Gambia]] (since 1965)
*[[Singapore]] (since 1965)
*[[Botswana]] (since 1966)
*[[Yemen]] (since 1967)
*[[Maldives]] (since 1968)
*[[Nauru]] (since 1968)
*[[Libya]] (since 1969)
*[[Central African Republic]] (since 1970)
*[[Guyana]] (since 1970)
*[[Malta]] (since 1971)
*[[Sri Lanka]] (since 1972)
*[[Afghanistan]] (est. 1973)<ref>Henry St. Amant Bradsher, [http://books.google.fr/books?id=v0THAAAAIAAJ&q=Abdul+Qadir+Dagarwal&dq=Abdul+Qadir+Dagarwal&hl=no&pgis=1&redir_esc=y ''Afghanistan and the Soviet Union''], Duke University Press, 1983.</ref>
*[[Third Hellenic Republic]] (since 1974)
*[[Ethiopia]] (since 1974)
*[[Laos]] (since 1975)
*[[Suriname]] (since 1975)
*[[Seychelles]] (since 1976)
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] (since 1976)
*[[Dominica]] (since 1978)
*[[Iran]] (since 1979)
*[[Kiribati]] (since 1979)
*[[Zimbabwe]] (since 1980)
*[[Fiji]] (since 1987)
*[[Mauritius]] (since 1992)
{{Div col end}}
 
===21st century and later===
*[[East Timor]] (since 2002)
*[[Samoa]] (since 2007)
*[[Nepal]] (since 2008)
*[[Republic of Kosovo]] (since 2008)
*[[South Sudan]] (since 2011)
 
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