மங்கோலிய இனம்

மங்கோலிய இனம் என்பது கிழக்கு ஆசியா, நடு ஆசியா, தென்கிழக்கு ஆசியா, வடக்கு ஆசியா, பாலினேசியா மற்றும் அமெரிக்கக் கண்டங்கள் ஆகியவற்றை பூர்வீகமாக கொண்ட பல்வேறு மக்களின் ஒரு குழுவாகும்.(/ˈmɒŋ.ɡə.lɔɪd/^[1]^[2]) பாரம்பரியமாக வழங்கப்படும் மூன்று இனங்களில் இதுவும் ஒன்றாகும். இது கோட்டிஞ்சன் வரலாற்றுப் பள்ளியின் உறுப்பினர்களால் முதன்முதலில் 1780 களில் மனித இன வகைப்பாடு அறிமுகம் செய்யப்பட்டது.^[3] மற்ற இரண்டு குழுக்கள் காக்கேசிய இனம் மற்றும் கருப்பினமாகும்.^[4]19-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் மரபியல் அடிப்படையில் அனைத்து மாந்தரும் ஒரே இனத்தவர் எனக்கண்டறிந்தனர். எனவே மனித இனத்தை வகைப்படுத்தி பார்க்கும் போக்கு தற்போது இல்லை.

மங்கோலிய இனத்தின் பல்வேறு பீனோவகைகளின் படங்கள் (1941).

இதனையும் காண்க தொகு

உசாத்துணை தொகு

↑ Mongoloid. (2012). Dictionary.com. Retrieved September 3, 2012, from link.
↑ For a contrast with the "Europoid" or Caucasian race see footnote No. 4 of page 58-59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: a History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-691-13589-2.
↑
- Baum 2006, ப. 84–85: "Finally, Christoph Meiners (1747–1810), the University of Göttingen “popular philosopher” and historian, first gave the term Caucasian racial meaning in his Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit (Outline of the History of Humanity, 1785)… Meiners pursued this “Göttingen program” of inquiry in extensive historical-anthropological writings, which included two editions of his Outline of the History of Humanity and numerous articles in Göttingisches Historisches Magazin"
- William R. Woodward (9 June 2015). Hermann Lotze: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge University Press. பக். 260. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-1-316-29785-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=7pzVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260. "...the five human races identified by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach – Negroes, American Indians, Malaysians, Mongolians, and Caucasians. He chose to rely on Blumenbach, leader of the Göttingen school of comparative anatomy" ; also at [1]
- Nicolaas A. Rupke (2002). Göttingen and the Development of the Natural Sciences. Wallstein-Verlag. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-3-89244-611-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=tO6fAAAAMAAJ. "For it was at Gottingen in this period that the outlines of a system of classification were laid down in a manner that still shapes the way in which we attempt to comprehend the different varieties of humankind — including usage of such terms as "Caucasian"."
- Charles Simon-Aaron (2008). The Atlantic Slave Trade: Empire, Enlightenment, and the Cult of the Unthinking Negro. Edwin Mellen Press. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-7734-5197-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=tnLaAAAAMAAJ. "Here, Blumenbach placed the white European at the apex of the human family; he even gave the European a new name — i.e., Caucasian. This relationship also inspired the academic labors of Karl Otfried Muller, C. Meiners and K.A. Heumann, the more important thinkers at Gottingen for our project. (This list is not intended to be exhaustive)."
- RACAR, Revue D'art Canadienne: Canadian Art Review. Society for the Promotion of Art History Publications in Canada. 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=REXrAAAAMAAJ. "It is in the context of the shift to the human as both subject and object that Foucault has placed the "invention" of the human sciences, and it is also in this context that the various human histories as conceived and taught at Gottingen — from the theories of race proposed by Christoph Meiners and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (who would coin the word "Caucasian" in the 1790s) to new theories of history as interpreted by Johann Christoph Gatterer and August Ludwig von Schlozer to a new art history as conceived by Fiorillo — can be considered."
↑ Reynolds, Larry (1996). Race and other misadventures : essays in honor of Ashley Montagu in his ninetieth year. Reynolds series in sociology. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall. பக். 107. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-1-882289-35-6. இணையக் கணினி நூலக மையம்:35302420. https://books.google.com/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA107. பார்த்த நாள்: 1 December 2018. "One of the most enduring schemes of "racial" designation divides the peoples of the world into three large categories crudely conceptualized as ... this scheme was advocated by Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), one of the most influential figures in the history of French science, although it was ..."

[1] Mongoloid. (2012). Dictionary.com. Retrieved September 3, 2012, from link.

[2] For a contrast with the "Europoid" or Caucasian race see footnote No. 4 of page 58-59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: a History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-0-691-13589-2.

[Göttingen-3] 
Baum 2006, ப. 84–85: "Finally, Christoph Meiners (1747–1810), the University of Göttingen “popular philosopher” and historian, first gave the term Caucasian racial meaning in his Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit (Outline of the History of Humanity, 1785)… Meiners pursued this “Göttingen program” of inquiry in extensive historical-anthropological writings, which included two editions of his Outline of the History of Humanity and numerous articles in Göttingisches Historisches Magazin"

William R. Woodward (9 June 2015). Hermann Lotze: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge University Press. பக். 260. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-1-316-29785-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=7pzVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260. "...the five human races identified by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach – Negroes, American Indians, Malaysians, Mongolians, and Caucasians. He chose to rely on Blumenbach, leader of the Göttingen school of comparative anatomy" ; also at [1]

Nicolaas A. Rupke (2002). Göttingen and the Development of the Natural Sciences. Wallstein-Verlag. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-3-89244-611-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=tO6fAAAAMAAJ. "For it was at Gottingen in this period that the outlines of a system of classification were laid down in a manner that still shapes the way in which we attempt to comprehend the different varieties of humankind — including usage of such terms as "Caucasian"."

Charles Simon-Aaron (2008). The Atlantic Slave Trade: Empire, Enlightenment, and the Cult of the Unthinking Negro. Edwin Mellen Press. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-7734-5197-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=tnLaAAAAMAAJ. "Here, Blumenbach placed the white European at the apex of the human family; he even gave the European a new name — i.e., Caucasian. This relationship also inspired the academic labors of Karl Otfried Muller, C. Meiners and K.A. Heumann, the more important thinkers at Gottingen for our project. (This list is not intended to be exhaustive)."

RACAR, Revue D'art Canadienne: Canadian Art Review. Society for the Promotion of Art History Publications in Canada. 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=REXrAAAAMAAJ. "It is in the context of the shift to the human as both subject and object that Foucault has placed the "invention" of the human sciences, and it is also in this context that the various human histories as conceived and taught at Gottingen — from the theories of race proposed by Christoph Meiners and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (who would coin the word "Caucasian" in the 1790s) to new theories of history as interpreted by Johann Christoph Gatterer and August Ludwig von Schlozer to a new art history as conceived by Fiorillo — can be considered."

[4] Baum 2006, ப. 84–85: "Finally, Christoph Meiners (1747–1810), the University of Göttingen “popular philosopher” and historian, first gave the term Caucasian racial meaning in his Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit (Outline of the History of Humanity, 1785)… Meiners pursued this “Göttingen program” of inquiry in extensive historical-anthropological writings, which included two editions of his Outline of the History of Humanity and numerous articles in Göttingisches Historisches Magazin"

[5] William R. Woodward (9 June 2015). Hermann Lotze: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge University Press. பக். 260. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-1-316-29785-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=7pzVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260. "...the five human races identified by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach – Negroes, American Indians, Malaysians, Mongolians, and Caucasians. He chose to rely on Blumenbach, leader of the Göttingen school of comparative anatomy" ; also at [1]

[6] Nicolaas A. Rupke (2002). Göttingen and the Development of the Natural Sciences. Wallstein-Verlag. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-3-89244-611-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=tO6fAAAAMAAJ. "For it was at Gottingen in this period that the outlines of a system of classification were laid down in a manner that still shapes the way in which we attempt to comprehend the different varieties of humankind — including usage of such terms as "Caucasian"."

[7] Charles Simon-Aaron (2008). The Atlantic Slave Trade: Empire, Enlightenment, and the Cult of the Unthinking Negro. Edwin Mellen Press. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-7734-5197-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=tnLaAAAAMAAJ. "Here, Blumenbach placed the white European at the apex of the human family; he even gave the European a new name — i.e., Caucasian. This relationship also inspired the academic labors of Karl Otfried Muller, C. Meiners and K.A. Heumann, the more important thinkers at Gottingen for our project. (This list is not intended to be exhaustive)."

[8] RACAR, Revue D'art Canadienne: Canadian Art Review. Society for the Promotion of Art History Publications in Canada. 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=REXrAAAAMAAJ. "It is in the context of the shift to the human as both subject and object that Foucault has placed the "invention" of the human sciences, and it is also in this context that the various human histories as conceived and taught at Gottingen — from the theories of race proposed by Christoph Meiners and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (who would coin the word "Caucasian" in the 1790s) to new theories of history as interpreted by Johann Christoph Gatterer and August Ludwig von Schlozer to a new art history as conceived by Fiorillo — can be considered."

[Reynolds_1996-4] Reynolds, Larry (1996). Race and other misadventures : essays in honor of Ashley Montagu in his ninetieth year. Reynolds series in sociology. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall. பக். 107. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-1-882289-35-6. இணையக் கணினி நூலக மையம்:35302420. https://books.google.com/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA107. பார்த்த நாள்: 1 December 2018. "One of the most enduring schemes of "racial" designation divides the peoples of the world into three large categories crudely conceptualized as ... this scheme was advocated by Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), one of the most influential figures in the history of French science, although it was ..."

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