பயனர்:George46/மணல்தொட்டி

எம்மாவு சீடர்களோடு இயேசு உணவு அருந்துகிறார். - ஓவியர்: கரவாஜியோ. இயேசு அப்பத்தைப் பிட்டு சீடர்களுக்கு அளித்தபோது அவர்கள் அவரை அடையாளம் கண்டுகொண்டனர்.

உயிர்த்தெழுந்த இயேசு காட்சியளித்தல் (Resurrection appearances of Jesus) என்ற தலைப்பில், இயேசு சிலுவையில் இறந்து, கல்லறையில் அடக்கப்பட்டு, மீண்டும் உயிர்பெற்றெழுந்தபின், விண்ணகம் செல்லுமுன் சீடர்களுக்குக் காட்சியளித்து அவர்களோடு உறவாடினார் என்று நற்செய்தி நூல்கள் தரும் செய்தி எடுத்துக் கூறப்படுகிறது.

இவ்வாறு இயேசு காட்சியளித்த செய்தி கீழ்வரும் நற்செய்திப் பகுதிகளில் உள்ளது:

  • மத்தேயு 28:8-20
  • மாற்கு 16:9-20
  • லூக்கா 24:13-49
  • யோவான் 20:11-21:25
  • திருத்தூதர் பணிகள் 1:1-11
  • 1 கொரிந்தியர் 15:3-9

இந்த முதன்மை ஆதாரங்களுள் 1 கொரிந்தியர் காலத்தால் மிக முற்பட்டது என்பது அறிஞர் கருத்து.[1]அக்கடிதத்தை புனித பவுல் கி.பி. சுமார் 55ஆம் ஆண்டில் எழுதினார்.[2]புற விவிலிய நூலான "எபிரேயர் நற்செய்தி" (Gospel of the Hebrews) இயேசுவின் சகோதரரான யாக்கோபுக்கு உயிர்த்தெழுந்த இயேசு காட்சியளித்தார் என்பதை விவரிக்கிறது.[3]

மத்தேயு நற்செய்திப்படி, இயேசு சாவினின்று உயிர்பெற்றெழுந்து, கல்லறை அருகே மகதலா மரியாவுக்கும் மற்றொரு மரியாவுக்கும் காட்சியளித்தார். பின்னர் யூதாசு தவிர மற்ற பதினொரு சிடர்களும் கலிலேயாவின் ஒரு மலைக்குச் சென்று அங்கே இயேசுவைக் காட்சியில் காண்கின்றனர். அவர்களுக்கு, "தந்தை, மகன், தூய ஆவியின் பெயரால் திருமுழுக்கு அளித்து அனைத்து மக்களையும் சீடராக்கும்" பொறுப்பை இயேசு கொடுக்கிறார்.

லூக்கா நற்செய்தியில், இயேசு தம் சீடர்களுக்குக் காட்சியளித்து, அவர்களோடு உணவருந்திய செய்தி குறிக்கப்படுகிறது.[4]அவர்கள் எருசலேமில் காத்திருக்கும்படி இயேசு கூறுகிறார். பிறகு இயேசு விண் ஏகுகிறார். சீடர்களும் இயேசு பற்றிய நற்செய்தியை எருசலேமிலிருந்து தொடங்கி உலகெங்கிலும் அறிவிக்கப் புறப்படுகிறார்கள்.

லூக்கா நற்செய்தியின் ஆசிரியரே எழுதிய திருத்தூதர் பணிகள் நூலில், இயேசு தம் சாவுக்குப் பின் சீடர்களுக்கு உயிரோடு தோன்றுகிறார். அவர்களோடு நாற்பது நாள்கள் தங்கியிருக்கிறார். பின்னர் விண்ணகம் எழுந்துசெல்கின்றார். அதே திருத்தூதர் பணிகள் நூலில் புனித பவுல் மனமாற்றம் அடைந்த நிகழ்ச்சியில் இயேசு அவருக்குத் தோன்றுகிறார்.

யோவான் எழுதிய நற்செய்தியின்படி, வெறுமையான கல்லறையின் அருகே இயேசுவை மரியா மட்டுமே காண்கிறார். அப்போது இயேசு மரியாவிடம் “என்னை இப்படிப் பற்றிக் கொள்ளாதே. நான் என் தந்தையிடம் இன்னும் செல்லவில்லை” என்று கூறுகிறார் (யோவான் 20:17). அதன் பிறகே இயேசு ஏனைய சீடர்களுக்குத் தோன்றுகிறார். கதவு மூடியிருந்த போதும் அவர் சீடர்கள் இருந்த அறையில் அவர்களுக்குத் தோன்றி தோமாவிடம் தமது காயங்களைத் தொட்டுப் பார்க்குமாறு கூறுகிறார். அதன் பிறகு இயேசு பேதுருவுக்குத் தோன்றி, அவரிடம் தமது ஆட்டுக்குட்டிகளை மேய்க்கின்ற பொறுப்பை ஒப்படைக்கிறார்.

மாற்கு நற்செய்தியின் இறுதியான 16ஆம் அதிகாரத்தில் இயேசுவின் காட்சிகள் சுருக்கமாகத் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. சீடர்களுக்கு இயேசு தோன்றியதை மத்தேயு, லூக்கா ஆகிய நற்செய்தியாளர்கள் விரிவாகத் தந்துள்ளனர்.


நற்செய்தி நூல்கள் தரும் தகவல்கள்படி இயேசுவின் காட்சிகள்

தொகு

மத்தேயு 28

தொகு
  • இயேசு அடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டிருந்த கல்லறை வெறுமையாக இருந்ததைக் கண்டு அதிர்ச்சியுற்ற மகதலா மரியாவும் “வேறொரு மரியாவும்” அங்கிருந்து விரைவாகப் புறப்பட்டுச் சென்று, “இயேசு உயிரோடு இருக்கின்றார்” எந்த செய்தியைச் சீடர்களுக்கு அறிவிக்க ஓடினார்கள். அப்போது இயேசு அப்பெண்களிடம் தம் சீடர்களை கலிலேயாவுக்குப் போகுமாறு கூறி, அங்கு அவர்களைச் சந்திக்கவிருப்பதாகச் சொல்கின்றார் (மத்தேயு 28:10).
  • பதினொரு சீடர்களும் இயேசு தங்களுக்குப் பணித்தவாறே கலிலேயாவிலுள்ள ஒரு மலைக்குச் சென்றார்கள். உயிர்த்தெழுந்த இயேசு அங்கே அவர்களுக்குத் தோன்றினார்.

லூக்கா 24

தொகு
 
”எம்மாவு நகரில் உணவு அருந்துதல்” (Supper at Emmaus) - ஓவியர் மத்தியாஸ் ஸ்டோம். ஆண்டு: சுமார் 1633-1639. இயேசு அப்பத்தைப் பிட்கின்ற தருணத்தில் சீடர்கள் அவரை அடையாளம் காண்பதை ஓவியர் துல்லியமாகக் காட்டுகிறார்.

உயிர்த்தெழுந்தபின் இயேசு சீடர்களுக்குத் தோன்றியது பற்றி லூக்கா நற்செய்தி தரும் செய்திகள் இவை:

  • கிளயோப்பா என்பவரும் மற்றொரு சீடரும் எம்மாவு நகரை நோக்கி நடந்துகொண்டிருந்த வேளையில் இயேசு அவர்களுக்குக் காட்சியளித்தார். இயேசு யார் என்பதை அடையாளம் கண்டுகொள்ள இயலா விதத்தில் “அவர்கள் கண்கள் மறைக்கப்பட்டிருந்தன.” இயேசு அப்பத்தைப் பிட்டு அவர்களோடு பகிர்ந்த கொண்ட வேளையில் “அவர்கள் கண்கள் திறந்தன. அவர்களும் அவரை அடையாளம் கண்டுகொண்டார்கள்.”
  • ”இயேசு சீமோனுக்குத் தோற்றம் அளித்துள்ளார்” என்று சீடர்கள் கூறிய செய்தியும் லூக்காவில் (24:34) உள்ளது. இவ்வாறு சீமோனுக்கு இயேசு தோன்றியது எம்மாவு நிகழ்ச்சிக்கு முன்னரா பின்னரா என்று தெளிவாகக் கூறப்படவில்லை.
  • பதினொரு திருத்தூதர்களுக்கும், கிளயோப்பா, அவரோடு எம்மாவு நோக்கி வழிநடந்த சீடர் ஆகியோருக்கு இயேசு தோன்றினார் என்னும் செய்தியையும் லூக்கா தருகின்றார் (லூக்கா 24:36)

எம்மாவு சென்ற வழியில் இயேசுவைச் சந்தித்த செய்தியை கிளயோப்பாவும் அவருடைய தோழரும் பிற சீடர்களுக்கு எடுத்துக்கூறியபோது, “இயேசு அப்பத்தைப் பிட்டுக் கொடுக்கும்போது அவரைக் கண்டுகொண்டோம்” (லூக்கா 35) என்று கூறினார்கள். இயேசு அச்சீடர்களோடு உணவு அருந்திய வேளையில் இது நிகழ்ந்தது என்று இறாபின்சன் என்னும் அறிஞர் கூறுகிறார்.[5]. ஆனால் இரெய்மந்து பிளாக்கெட்டர் என்பவரின் கருத்துப்படி, “பண்டைக்காலத்திலும் நடுக்காலத்திலும் நவீன காலத்திலும் மிகப்பல அறிஞர்கள், இயேசுவை சீடர்கள் அடையாளம் கண்டுகொண்டது நற்கருணைக் கொண்டாட்ட நிகழ்வின்போது நடந்தது எனக் கூறுவர்.”[6]

 
”153 மீன்கள் அதிசயமாகப் பிடிபட்ட நிகழ்ச்சி” - ஓவியர்: தூச்சியோ (Duccio). காலம்: 14ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு. யோவான் நற்செய்தியின்படி, இயேசு நான்காம் முறையாகத் தோற்றம் அளித்த நிகழ்ச்சி (யோவான் 21). ஓவியத்தில் இயேசு இடப்புறம் நிற்கிறார்.

யோவான் நற்செய்தி 20–21

தொகு
  • உயிர்த்தெழுந்த இயேசு முதலில் மகதலா மரியாவுக்குத் தோன்றினார். மரியா இயேசுவைத் தோட்டக்காரர் என்று தவறாக நினைத்துக்கொண்டு, “ஐயா, நீர் இயேசுவைத் தூக்கிக் கொண்டு போயிருந்தால் எங்கே வைத்தீர் எனச் சொல்லும். நான் அவரை எடுத்துச் செல்வேன்” என்று கூறினார் (யோவான் 20:15). இயேசுவை அப்பெண்மணியைப் பார்த்து, “மரியா” என்று பெயர்சொல்லி அழைத்ததும் மரியா இயேசுவை அடையாளம் கண்டுகொண்டார்.
  • அதே நாள் ”யூதர்களுக்கு அஞ்சி” திருத்தூதர்கள் (தோமா தவிர) தாங்கள் இருந்த இடத்தின் கதவுகளை மூடிவைத்திருந்த வேளையில் இயேசு அவர்கள் நடுவே தோன்றி அவர்களுக்கு அமைதி வாழ்த்து அருளினார்.
  • எட்டு நாள்களுக்குப் பின், தோமா உட்பட எல்லாச் சீடர்களும் கூடியிருந்த வேளையில் அங்கு இயேசு தோன்றினார். தோமாவிடம், “நீ என்னைக் கண்டதால் நம்பினாய். காணாமலே நம்புவோர் பேறுபெற்றோர்” என்றார்.
  • சீமோன் பேதுரு, தோமா, கானாவைச் சேர்ந்த நத்தனியேல், செபதேயுவின் மக்கள் இருவர், வேறு இருவர் ஆகிய எழுவருக்கு இயேசு கலிலேயக் கடல் அருகே தோன்றினார். இயேசுவின் சொல்லை நம்பி வலைவீசியபோது அதிச விதத்தில் ஏராளமான மீன்கள் கிடைத்தன. இயேசுவை அத்தருணத்தில் கண்டவர்களுள் இயேசுவின் அன்புச் சீடரும் ஒருவர்.

The so-called "longer ending of Mark" contains three appearances:

The ending of Mark varies substantially between ancient manuscripts, and scholars are in near universal agreement that the final portion of the traditional ending, in which all Mark's resurrection appearances occur, is a later addition not present in the original version of Mark's gospel.[7] Most scholars view the lack of a resurrection appearance as having theological significance. Richard Burridge compares the ending of Mark to its beginning:

Appearances reported elsewhere in the New Testament

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வார்ப்புரு:Death of Jesus

1 Corinthians 15

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Paul's account in 1 Corinthians 15:3-7 seems to represent a pre-Pauline credal statement derived from the first Christian community.[9]

The antiquity of the creed has been established by many biblical scholars as dating to less than a decade after Jesus' death, originating from the Jerusalem apostolic community.[10] Concerning this creed, Campenhausen wrote, "This account meets all the demands of historical reliability that could possibly be made of such a text,"[11] whilst A. M. Hunter said, "The passage therefore preserves uniquely early and verifiable testimony. It meets every reasonable demand of historical reliability."[12] Robert M. Price and Hermann Detering asserted that 1 Corinthians 15:3-4 was not an early Christian creed but a post-Pauline interpretation.[13][14] However, according to Geza Vermes in The Resurrection (2008) these verses are not interpolated but were written by Paul in the early 50s AD. Vermes says that the words of Paul are "a tradition he has inherited from his seniors in the faith concerning the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus".[15] According Paul's கலாத்தியருக்கு எழுதிய திருமுகம் he had previously met two of the people mentioned in these verses as witnesses of the resurrection: James the Just and Cephas/Peter:

Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days. I saw none of the other apostles—only James, the Lord's brother. I assure you before God that what I am writing you is no lie. —Apostle PaulGal 1:18-20

Revelation

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பத்மு யோவான் experienced a vision of the resurrected Christ described in வார்ப்புரு:Bibleref2-nb. According to வார்ப்புரு:Bibleref2-nb, the Son of Man whom John sees is the one writing the letters to the seven churches in chapters 2 and 3. In வார்ப்புரு:Bibleref2-nb, meanwhile, he calls himself "the First and the Last, who died and came to life again."

The appearance to Mary Magdalene

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ரெம்பிரான்ட்'s perception of the moment when Mary turns her head and sees the newly-risen Jesus. He is holding a spade to explain her initial belief that he was a gardener

While Mark doesn't mention when the incident occurred, Matthew states that Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene and "the other" Mary while they were returning to tell the disciples what they had seen. John, on the other hand, presents a completely different incident. John's account parallels the synoptic Gospels' accounts of Mary's first visit to the tomb, though in John, Mary has already been to the tomb once, and Peter has already inspected it. Unlike the first visit, the second visit, reported in John, is much more similar to the synoptic Gospels' account of the empty tomb, with Mary peering into the tomb and witnessing two angels inside dressed in shining white. Having been questioned by the angels about her concern for the tomb's emptiness, Mary turns and sees Jesus, according to John.

Why John describes Mary as remaining outside the tomb is unknown, though ஹிப்போவின் அகஸ்டீன் proposed that "when the men went away, a stronger affection kept the weaker sex firmly in place". F.F. Bruce suggested that Mary was hoping someone would pass by who could give her some information. It is wondered why Mary does not seek out அரிமத்தியா யோசேப்பு, the owner of the tomb, for information. One theory is that Joseph was so senior to Mary in terms of social class that it would not be right for her to approach him directly. A more obvious solution is presented by Schnackenberg—the Codex Sinaiticus version of John has Mary waiting inside rather than outside, and this may be the original form—though that does not explain why she was waiting at all.

John depicts Mary as weeping, ultimately causing her name to be associated with Maudlin (a corruption of Magdalen, "typifying tearful repentance").[16] Both the angels address Mary as woman, and then ask why she had been crying. This is not as uncouth as it may first appear since the underlying Greek term—gynai—was the polite way to address an adult female. While the synoptic Gospels demonstrate an awareness of Jewish beliefs, and people at the tomb are presented as being shocked and afraid of angels, John demonstrates no such awareness. Instead, he presents Mary as responding straightforwardly. While some believe that this is due to Mary's not recognising the figures as angels, due to grief or tears, some scholars attribute it to issues surrounding the author of John. The conversation itself differs considerably from the one reported by the synoptics, and the angels are brief and do not give any hint of resurrection having happened. Calvin attempted to justify this by arguing that John was only including what was necessary to back up the resurrection. At this point the angels abruptly disappear from the narrative, and John and the synoptics begin to share the order of events again.

Mark mentions Mary's post-tomb encounter with Jesus but gives no details, though he does remark that Jesus had cast seven devils out from her, presumably indicating an பேயோட்டுதல். Matthew instead reports that Jesus met Mary and Mary as they were returning to the other disciples; that they fell at his feet and worshiped him; and that he instructed them to tell the disciples that they would see him in Galilee.

John presents a far more elaborate conversation. According to John, once Mary has explained to the angels about her concern at the emptiness of the tomb, she turns and suddenly sees Jesus, but mistakes him for a gardener.[17] In John's account of the conversation, Jesus repeats the angels' question of why Mary is weeping, and Mary responds similarly, by requesting to know what Jesus (whom she does not yet recognize) has done with Jesus' body. After this response, John states that Jesus says Mary's name. She turns, realises who he is and cries out in Aramaic, “Rabboni!” (which means “Teacher”). Jesus enigmatically tells her to Touch [him] not, for [he is] not yet ascended to [his] father (see Noli me tangere). He then instructs her to inform the disciples. To resolve the differences between the Gospels, some inerrantist commentators like Norman Geisler believe that after the events recounted by John, Mary runs into another group of women, whereupon the events of the synoptic accounts occur, though there is no evidence for such a conclusion from John's Gospel.

Mary's report

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Matthew 21:1 reports that Mary Magdalene and the other Mary went to look at the tomb. After the Resurrection, Jesus met them. After he greeted them, "they came to him, clasped his feet and worshiped him. Then Jesus said to them, 'Do not be afraid. Go and tell my brothers to go to Galilee; there they will see me.'" as instructing Mary to arrange for the disciples to meet him.Mt. 21:9-10 Matthew also reports that while Mary and Mary were returning to the disciples, the watchmen of the city informed the chief priests of "the things that were done", and the யூத தலைமைச் சங்கம் gave money to the soldiers to spread the message that Jesus' corpse had been stolen by his disciples. Matthew mentions that this had become a common claim of the Jews.Mt. 21:11:15 [சான்று தேவை]

Mark only states that Jesus met Mary.Mk 16:10

Luke 24:9-11 says that "When (the women) came back from the tomb, they told all these things to the Eleven and to all the others. It was Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the others with them who told this to the apostles. But they did not believe the women, because their words seemed to them like nonsense".

John's gospel gives a rather complete report of Jesus' post-Resurrection appearance to Mary.

…she turned around and saw Jesus standing there, but she did not realize that it was Jesus. He asked her, “Woman, why are you crying? Who is it you are looking for?” Thinking he was the gardener, she said, “Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have put him, and I will get him.” Jesus said to her, “Mary.” She turned toward him and cried out in Aramaic, “Rabboni!” (which means “Teacher”). Jesus said, “Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God.'" Mary Magdalene went to the disciples with the news: “I have seen the Lord!” And she told them that he had said these things to her. —John 20:14-18

Noli me tangere

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Jesus represented as telling Mary not to touch him, by Hans Holbein the Younger.

What is meant by Jesus telling Mary (in older Bible translations) to Touch [him] not, for [he is] not yet ascended to [his] father,Jn 20:17 has been the subject of debate. The இலத்தீன் phrase, Noli me tangere ("Touch me not"), became well known as a reference to these words found in translations of the Gospel of John, words that appear to be at odds with Jesus' invitation, later in the same chapter of John, to தோமா (திருத்தூதர்) to touch his hands and sideJn 20:27 and to the account in Matthew 28:1-9 of Mary Magdalene "and the other Mary" taking hold of his feet.

There are a wide variety of proposed solutions, perhaps the most facile being suggestions of textual corruption, with some saying that the word not was not originally there, while W.E.P Cotter proposed that the text originally said fear rather than touch (i.e., do not fear me), and W.D. Morris has proposed it originally said fear to touch (i.e., do not fear to touch me).[சான்று தேவை]

There is, however, no manuscript evidence for these suggestions, and so most scholars concentrate on non-textual arguments. Kraft proposes that it was against ritual to touch a corpse, and Jesus wished to enforce this, regarding himself as dead, while C. Spicq proposes that Jesus saw himself as a (Jewish) high priest, who was not meant to be sullied by physical contact, and others still have proposed that Mary is being ordered to have faith and not seek physical proof.[சான்று தேவை]

 
Resurrection appearances. Clockwise from bottom: Resurrection, Noli me tangere, Ascension, பெந்தக்கோஸ்து (Meister des Schöppinger, c. 1449, Pfarrkirche, Westfalen).

These non-textual solutions neglect the fact that John later describes Jesus as encouraging doubting Thomas Didymus to touch Jesus' wounds,

Jn. 20:27-28 apparently contradicting the prior arguments. Consequently, other proposals hinge on portraying Jesus as upholding some form of propriety, with யோவான் கிறிசோஸ்தோம்[18] and Theophylact arguing that Jesus was asking that more respect be shown to him. The notion of "propriety" held by some is linked to the idea that, while it was inappropriate for a woman to touch Jesus, it was fine for a man like Thomas. Kastner has argued that Jesus was naked, since the grave clothes were left in the tomb, and so that John portrays Jesus as being concerned with Mary being tempted by his body.[சான்று தேவை]

H.C.G. Moule suggested that Jesus is merely reassuring Mary that he is firmly on Earth and she need carry out no investigation, and others have suggested that Jesus is merely concerned with staying on-topic, essentially instructing Mary "don't waste time touching me, go and tell the disciples". Barrett has suggested that as Jesus prohibits Mary by arguing that he "has not ascended to [his] father", he could have ascended to heaven before meeting Thomas (and after meeting Mary), returning for the meeting with Thomas, though this view implies that the meeting with Thomas is some form of second visit to Earth, hence raising several theological issues, including that of a கிறிஸ்துவின் இரண்டாம் வருகை, and is consequently unfavourably viewed by most Christians. ஜான் கால்வின் argued that Mary Magdalene (and the other Mary) had started to cling to Jesus, as if trying to hold him down on Earth, and so Jesus told her to give up.[19] Some say Jesus was willing to provide Thomas with sufficient evidence to overcome his unbelief, whereas this was not a problem for Mary. In the case of Mary, she had evidently loved Jesus deeply, not surprising in view of her deliverance,Mk 16:9 and was reluctant for Jesus to leave her now that he had returned. This shows Jesus' ability to penetrate beneath the surface and understand each individual's deepest motivations.

The phrase formed one of the main arguments in the early debate on கிறிஸ்தியல், seemingly suggesting some form of intangibility—a view shared in the modern era by Bultmann—and hence appearing to advocate docetism (a view where Jesus' body is not resurrected as a physical object—do not touch me because you can't). This is quite at odds with John's general emphasis elsewhere against docetism, and so those who regard John as being deliberately polemic tend instead to see this verse as an attack on Mary. It also is at odds with Jesus' invitation to Apostle Thomas to “Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe.”

Why John portrays Mary as initially not recognising Jesus, even though she had known him well for a long time, is something of much debate. One theory is that, since Luke records two disciples as failing to recognise a post-death appearance of Jesus, the physical form of Jesus after resurrection must have been different, either due to the resurrection process itself, or due to the ordeal of crucifixion. More down-to-earth explanations have also been advanced, the most prominent being that Mary's tears had clouded her vision, or alternately that she is so focused on recovering Jesus' body that she is temporarily blind to its being in front of her. However, ஜான் கால்வின் and many other Christians [யார்?] read this as a metaphor: that Mary's blindness despite seeing Jesus represents the blindness, according to Christians, of non-Christians who have already been informed about Jesus. Why Jesus initially encourages Mary's lack of recognition is also something of a mystery, though Dibelius sees it as a literary conceit, since the trope of a returning hero being unrecognised or disguised dates back at least as far as ஓமர்'s Odyssey, and André Feuillet sees echoes of the இனிமைமிகு பாடல் (நூல்) in this passage.

Gnostics frequently viewed Mary Magdalene as being greater than the other disciples, and much closer to Jesus on both a spiritual and personal level, and hence Jesus treating Mary with disdain would question the respect and emphasis that gnosticism placed on her, much in the same way that Thomas Didymus is presented as doubting Jesus is physically there until he actually confirms it, while Gnostics viewed Thomas as a great teacher who had many revelations, and advocated docetism.[சான்று தேவை]

John describes the crucifixion as taking place in a garden in which the tomb used for Christ's burial also is located. The two angels which Mary Magdalene later sees in this tomb are described as sitting on stone bench on which Christ's body had lain in terms reminiscent of the Cherubim on the Mercy Seat of the உடன்படிக்கைப் பெட்டி. Thus, through Christ's resurrection his burial place as the place of ultimate defilement has been transformed into the very மகா பரிசுத்த இடம்: the burial bench with the Mercy Seat; his body with the Shekinah, the visible form of the Divine Presence. In this light, Christ's words to Mary Magdalene could indeed represent the fact that as the heavenly high priest he is not to be touched until he has entered the heavenly Holy of Holies to appear before "my God and your God" (i.e., indicative of the human relation to God he shares with Mary Magdalene and his disciples) and "my Father and your Father" (i.e., indicative of the his divine relation to God which he shares with Mary Magdalene and his disciples as the first-born of an new humanity). Like the Jewish high priest on the Day of Atonement and the angels in resurrection narratives he would not have been naked, but clothed in a radiant white garment, the same garment of white light in which he appeared at his Transfiguration.[சான்று தேவை]

Gnostic significance of Mary Magdalene

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That three of the Gospels portray Mary Magdalene as the first to see Jesus post-death, is generally considered to be of significance. Mary Magdalene was a major figure in ஞானக் கொள்கை, and one of the main teachers besides Jesus, the only other of similar significance being Thomas Didymus. Supporters of Gnostic priority (that Gnosticism is the original form of Christianity) see this as clear evidence that Mark, and hence, due to Markan priority, the entire resurrection narrative, was intended to be interpreted gnostically. Though owing to intrinsic beliefs about the nature of the physical world, Gnosticism generally viewed women as equals, in Judaism of the era women were not considered valid legal witnesses. Westcott, and other supporters of John's authenticity, sometimes use this to argue that the narratives must be factual, since someone faking it would be more likely to use a prominent and respected witness.[சான்று தேவை]

Other views

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Critics have suggested that Jesus may have existed and the events chronicled in the Bible may have happened but were misinterpreted by his followers. James A. Keller questions the reliability of the resurrection appearances, claiming: "All we have is other people's accounts of what the eyewitnesses purportedly saw, and these accounts are typically sketchy and were written many years later. Thus, the historian who wants to understand what the resurrection event was must use later, sketchy, second-hand accounts of what the eyewitnesses saw, and from these accounts he must try to determine what the resurrection event was."[20]

Liturgical use

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In the கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை, the Resurrection appearances of Jesus which are found in the four Gospels are read at Matins in an eleven-week cycle of Gospel readings, known as The Eleven Matins Gospels.

Appearances reported outside the New Testament

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Apocryphal Literature

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In the Gospel of the Hebrews, Jesus appears to James the Just.[21]

In the Gospel of Peter, the watching soldiers see Jesus emerge from the grave, supported by two men, followed by the Cross, which speaks on his behalf:

"And while they were relating what they had seen, they saw again three men come out from the sepulchre, and two of them sustaining the other, and a cross following them, and the heads of the two reaching to heaven, but that of him whom they led by the hand overpassing the heavens. And they heard a voice out of the heavens crying, 'Have you preached to those who had fallen asleep?, and from the cross there was heard the answer: 'Yes.'"[22]

The Book of Mormon

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In the theology of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jesus appeared to the inhabitants of the அமெரிக்காக்கள் following his resurrection in Jerusalem, as recounted in the மோர்மொன் நூல் (starting in 3 Nephi 11). This is believed by its members to be a fulfillment of Christ's mentioning "other sheep" in the Gospel of John.[23]

References

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  1. Harris, Murray J. The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Vol. 10, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976, p. 307
  2. [1] The First Letter to the Corinthians
  3. Jerome, the chief source of knowledge about this Gospel, says that he had made a Greek and a Latin version of it. The statement is wholly rejected by some, and by others thought to be an exaggeration, one that is very difficult to accept it as it stands: "Also the Gospel according to the Hebrews, lately translated by me into Greek and Latin speech, which Origen often uses, tells, after the resurrection of the Saviour: 'Now the Lord, when he had given the linen cloth unto the servant of the priest, went unto James and appeared to him (for James had sworn that he would not eat bread from that hour wherein he had drunk the Lord's cup until he should see him risen again from among them that sleep), and again after a little, 'Bring ye, saith the Lord, a table and bread', and immediately it is added, 'He took bread and blessed and brake and gave it unto James the Just and said unto him: My brother, eat thy bread, for the Son of Man is risen from among them that sleep'". This is a famous passage. One interesting clause is apt to escape notice, about the giving of the shroud to the servant of the (high) priest, which implies that priests must have been apprised of the resurrection as soon as the apostles. Was the servant of the priest Malchus? Presumably the servant was at the sepulcher: if so, it was being guarded by the Jews as well as the Roman soldiers (as in the Gospel of Peter). Rhode, Montague. "James" in The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1924), pp. 1-8. Online: [2] Accessed 12 May 2013
  4. Google Link
  5. B. P. Robinson, "The Place of the Emmaus Story in Luke-Acts," NTS 30 [1984], 484.
  6. Raymond A. Blacketer, "Word and Sacrament on the Road to Emmaus: Homiletical Reflections on Luke 24:13-35," CTJ 38 [2003], 323.
  7. D. C. Parker, The Living Text of the Gospels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 125; a 12th-century commentary on Matthew and Mark also ends at 16:8.
  8. Richard A. Burridge, Four Gospels, One Jesus? A Symbolic Reading (2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005), 64-65.
  9. Neufeld, The Earliest Christian Confessions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964) p. 47; Reginald Fuller, The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives (New York: Macmillan, 1971) p. 10; Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus—God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90; Oscar Cullmann, The Early Church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 64; Hans Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians, translated James W. Leitch (Philadelphia: Fortress 1969) p. 251; Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament vol. 1 pp. 45, 80–82, 293; R. E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) pp. 81, 92
  10. see Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus—God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90; Oscar Cullmann, The Early church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 66–66; R. E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) pp. 81; Thomas Sheehan, First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity (New York: Random House, 1986) pp. 110, 118; Ulrich Wilckens, Resurrection translated A. M. Stewart (Edinburgh: Saint Andrew, 1977) p. 2; Hans Grass, Ostergeschen und Osterberichte, Second Edition (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1962) p. 96; Grass favors the origin in Damascus.
  11. Hans von Campenhausen, "The Events of Easter and the Empty Tomb," in Tradition and Life in the Church (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1968) p. 44
  12. Archibald Hunter, Works and Words of Jesus (1973) p. 100
  13. http://depts.drew.edu/jhc/rp1cor15.html. 'Apocryphal Apparitions:1 Corinthians 15:3-11 as a Post-Pauline Interpolation' by Robert M Price
  14. The Falsified Paul; pg 3 Herman Detering
  15. Geza Vermes (2008) The Resurrection. London, Penguin: 121-2
  16. Morris, William, ed. (1973), "s.v., maudlin", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Boston: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 395-09066-0 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  17. The word gardener is a hapax legomenon in the Bible.
  18. Chrysostom's idea differs from any notion of merely human "propriety": he pictures Jesus as telling Mary not to hold him as if he were still as he had been before his resurrection (Homily 86 on the Gospel of John).
  19. If Calvin used the word "cling" or its equivalent, he was translating more exactly the original text of John 20:17, which uses the form of the verb (Greek present imperative) that indicates a prolonged action, in contrast to the Greek aorist imperative used in John 20:27 to indicate the proposed momentary touching action of Thomas. Modern translations such as the New American Standard Bible, New International Reader's Version, New International Version, New Life Version, New Living Translation, New Revised Standard Version and the Revised Standard Version itself (and including Catholic versions such as the Jerusalem Bible, the New Jerusalem Bible, the New American Bible) and even the New King James Bible use "cling" or "hold" to translate the original verb in this verse, since in English "touch" usually refers to a merely momentary action.
  20. Keller, James A. "Contemporary Doubts About the Resurrection." Faith and Philosophy 5 (1988): 40-60.
  21. Kirby, Peter (2001), "The Gospel of the Hebrews", Early Christian Writings: New Testament, Apocrypha, Gnostics, Church Fathers, www.earlychristianwritings.com, பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 2007-08-13
  22. Gospel of Peter, (10:39-42)
  23. See John 10:16 and (3 Nephi 15:21-22 [3])

Bibliography

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  • Barrett, C.K. The Gospel According to John, 2nd Edition. London:SPCK, 1978.
  • Brown, Raymond E. "The Gospel According to John: XIII-XI" The Anchor Bible Series Volume 29A New York: Doubleday & Company, 1970.
  • Bruce, F.F. The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1983.
  • Leonard, W. "St. John." A Catholic Commentary on the Bible. B. Orchard ed. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1953.
  • Schnackenburg, Rudolf . The Gospel According to St. John: Volume III. Crossroad, 1990.
  • Tilborg, Sj. van and P. Chatelion Counet. Jesus' Appearances and Disappearances in Luke 24, Leiden etc.: Brill, 2000.
  • Wesley, John. The Wesleyan Bible Commentary. Ralph Earle ed. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1964.
  • Westcott, B.F. The Gospel of St. John. London: John Murray, 1889.
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