பயனர்:இ.வாஞ்சூர் முகைதீன்/மணல்தொட்டி
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| முதலெண் | eighteen | |||
| வரிசை | 18-ஆம் (பதினெட்டாம்) | |||
| எண்ணுரு | octodecimal | |||
| காரணியாக்கல் | 2 · 32 | |||
| காரணிகள் | 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 | |||
| ரோமன் | XVIII | |||
| இரும எண் | 100102 | |||
| முன்ம எண் | 2003 | |||
| நான்ம எண் | 1024 | |||
| ஐம்ம எண் | 335 | |||
| அறும எண் | 306 | |||
| எண்ணெண் | 228 | |||
| பன்னிருமம் | 1612 | |||
| பதினறுமம் | 1216 | |||
| இருபதின்மம் | I20 | |||
| 36ம்ம எண் | I36 | |||
| Hebrew numeral | י"ח | |||
| Babylonian numeral | 𒌋𒐜 | |||
18 (பதினெட்டு) (Eightteen) என்பதுஇயல் எண் ஆகும். இது 17 இன் தொடரி மற்றும் 19 இன் முன்னி ஆகும்.இது ஒரு இரட்டை பகு எண் ஆகும்.
கணிதத்தில்
தொகு18 என்பது அரைகுறையான நிறைவெண்[1] மேலும் மிகையெண்(கணிதம்) ஆகும். இது ஒருஉயர் பகு எண் ஆகும். [2]. 18 ஆனது 6 வகுஎண்கள் கொண்டது. 18 ஐ போன்ற எந்த சிறிய எண்ணிலும் 6 க்கும் மேற்பட்ட வகு எண்கள் இல்லை. பென்டோமினோ 18 வடிவங்களை கொண்டது.[3]
அறிவியல்
தொகுவேதியியலில்
தொகு- ஆர்கானின் அணு எண் பதினெட்டு ஆகும்.
- 18 என்ற அணு எண்ணால் அடையாளப்படுத்தப்பட்டு ஓர் அரிய வாயுவாக இது வகைப்படுத்தப்படுகிறது
- 18-எலெக்ட்ரான் விதி என்பது மாற்று உலோக வேதியியல் துறையில் உலோகக் கூட்டமைப்புகளின் நிலைத்தன்மையை வரையறுக்க மற்றும் முன்னறிவிக்க பயன்படுத்தப்படும் ஒரு விதி ஆகும்.
In religion and literature
தொகு- எபிரேயம் மொழியில் "life" எனும் சொல்லிற்க்கு is חי (chai), which has a numerical value of 18. Consequently, the custom has arisen in Jewish circles to give donations and monetary gifts in multiples of 18 as an expression of blessing for long life.[4]
- In Judaism, in the Talmud; Pirkei Avot (5:25), Rabbi Yehudah ben Teime gives the age of 18 as the appropriate age to get married ("Ben shmonah esra lechupah", at eighteen years old to the Chupah (marriage canopy)). (See Coming of age, Age of majority).
- Shemoneh Esrei (sh'MOH-nuh ES-ray) is a prayer that is the center of any Jewish religious service. Its name means "eighteen". The prayer is also known as the Amidah.
- In Ancient Roman custom the number 18 can symbolise a blood relative.
- Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 was originally named Catch-18 because of the Hebrew meaning of the number, but was amended to the published title to avoid confusion with another war novel, Mila 18.[5]
- பகவத் கீதையில் 18 அத்தியாயங்கள் கொண்டுள்ளது.
- மகாபாரத இதிகாசத்தில் பகவத் கீதை ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.
- மகாபாரத இதிகாசத்தில் 18 புத்தகங்கள் கொண்டது.குருச்சேத்திர போரானது 18 போர்படைகளுக்கிடையே நடைபெற்றது. அதில் 11 குருசேத்திர்ர்களும் 7 பாண்டவர்களுக்கும் இடையே போர் நடைபெற்றது. இப் போரானது 18 நாட்கள் நடைபெற்றது. மற்றொரு இந்து இதிகாசமான இராமாயணத்தில், இராமருக்கும் அசுரர்களுக்கும் இடையிலான போரும் 18 நாட்கள் நீடித்தது.
- In Babism the first 18 disciples of the Báb were known as the Letters of the Living.
As lucky or unlucky number
தொகு- In Chinese tradition, 18 is pronounced 十八; shí bā and is considered a lucky number due to similarity with 實發; shì fā 'definitely get rich', 'to get rich for sure'.[6]
- According to applications of numerology in Judaism, the letters of the word chai ("living") add up to 18. Thus, 18 is considered a lucky number and many gifts for B'nai Mitzvot and weddings are in $18 increments.[7]
Age 15
தொகுIn most countries, 18 is the age of majority, in which a minor becomes a legal adult. It is also the voting age, marriageable age, drinking age and smoking age in most countries, though sometimes these ages are different than the age of majority. Many websites restrict adult content to visitors who claim to be at least 18 years old.
- In the United States, 18 is the:
- Age for sexual consent in eleven states and under federal law.[8]
- Minimum age to purchase firearms in thirty-eight states with the exception of handguns (21 under federal law).[9]
- Marriageable age without parental consent except for Nebraska (19), Mississippi and Puerto Rico (21).
- The minimum age at which one can purchase, rent, or buy tickets to NC-17-rated films or buy video games with an Adults Only rating.
- In the UK, 18 is the legal age to purchase a BBFC "18" rated film.
- In Japan, 18 is the minimum age at which one can purchase, rent, or buy tickets to R18+ rated movies or buy video games with a Z rating.
In sports
தொகு- In association football (soccer), "the 18" is a slang term for the penalty area.
- In Australian rules football (except in AFL Women's), each team has 18 players on the field during play.
- There are 18 holes on a regulation golf course.
- In Nippon Professional Baseball (Japanese baseball), No.18 is known as Ace number.
- 18 is the record number of most NBA championships in NBA history, which the Boston Celtics achieved.
இவற்றையும் பார்க்க
தொகுகுறிப்புகள்
தொகுமேற்கோள்கள்
தொகு- ↑ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005835 (Pseudoperfect (or semiperfect) numbers)". நேரிணைய எண்வரிசை கலைக்களஞ்சியம். நேரிணைய எண்வரிசை கலைக்களஞ்சிய அறக்கட்டளை. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 31 மே 2016.
- ↑ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A067128 (Ramanujan's largely composite numbers)". நேரிணைய எண்வரிசை கலைக்களஞ்சியம். நேரிணைய எண்வரிசை கலைக்களஞ்சிய அறக்கட்டளை.
- ↑ Wilson, Robert A. (2009). The finite simple groups. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 251. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 3. எண்ணிம ஆவணச் சுட்டி:10.1007/978-1-84800-988-2. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண் 978-1-84800-987-5. Zbl 1203.20012.
- ↑ Benjaminson, Chani. "What is the reason for the custom to give money gifts in multiples of 18 -- 18, 36, 54, etc.?". Chabad.org. Archived from the original on 27 திசம்பர் 2007. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 19 சனவரி 2022.
- ↑ N James. The Early Composition History of Catch-22. In Biographies of Books: The Compositional Histories of Notable American Writings, J Barbour, T Quirk (edi.) pp. 262-90. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996
- ↑ 言必有「中」：「十八」「實發」 人見人愛. 文匯報. Accessed 2015-01-12. Archived 2015-01-15.
- ↑ "Chai, Its Meaning and Significance | Shiva, Jewish Mourning". www.shiva.com. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 18 நவம்பர் 2020.
- ↑ "STATUTORY RAPE: A GUIDE TO STATE LAWS AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS. SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH MINORS". Aspe. 23 நவம்பர் 2015.
- ↑ "Minimum Age". Giffords.
தலைப்பு=
தொகு
Mukund Varadarajan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| பிறப்பு | வார்ப்புரு:Birth date text[1] Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India[2] |
| இறப்பு | 25 ஏப்ரல் 2014 (அகவை 31) Shopian district, Jammu & Kashmir State, India |
| அடக்கம் | |
| சார்பு | India |
| சேவை/ | Indian Army |
| சேவைக்காலம் | 2006 - 2014 |
| தரம் | Major |
| படைப்பிரிவு | 22 Rajput Regiment 44 Rashtriya Rifles (Rajput) battalion (deputation) |
| போர்கள்/யுத்தங்கள் | |
| விருதுகள் |  Ashoka Chakra |
| கல்வி | |
| துணை(கள்) | Indhu Rebecca Varghese[4] |
| பிள்ளைகள் | 1[4] |
Major Mukund Varadarajan AC (12 April 1983 – 25 April 2014) was an Indian Army officer and a recipient of the Ashoka Chakra. Mukund, a commissioned officer in the Indian Army's Rajput Regiment, was posthumously awarded the Ashok Chakra for his actions during a counterterrorism operation while on deputation to the 44th Rashtriya Rifles battalion in Jammu and Kashmir. His biographical film in Tamil, Amaran, was released on the occasion of Diwali, 31 October 2024.
Early life and education
தொகுMukund Varadarajan[2] was born on 12 April 1983 to a Tamil speaking iyengar family[1] to R Varadarajan and Geetha Varadarajan in his native Paruthipattu Village, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.[5] Mukund and his family moved to Tambaram after his father got job in a Public Sector Bank.[5] His grandfather Raghavachari and two of his uncles also served in the army and this motivated him to join the Armed Forces.[1][6]
Mukund received his Bachelor of Commerce From Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya at Kanchipuram and a diploma in journalism from the Madras Christian College, Chennai.[1][6]
Mukund has two sisters, Swetha and Nithya. He married his longtime-girlfriend and college mate Indhu Rebecca Varghese on 28 August 2009. The couple's daughter, Arshea Mukund, was born on 17 March 2011.[7][2][8][6]
Military career
தொகுMukund was an alumnus of Officers Training Academy,[2] and after graduating, he received a short service commission as a Lieutenant in the Rajput Regiment (22 Rajput) on 18 March 2006.[9] On 18 March 2006, he was granted a regular commission with the rank of lieutenant,[10] and received an ante-dated promotion to Captain from 18 October 2008.[11] He served at the Infantry School in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh and was part of a United Nations Mission in Lebanon.[1] He was promoted to Major on 18 October 2012 and was deputed to the 44th Battalion of the Rashtriya Rifles that December and posted in the Shopian district of Jammu and Kashmir.[12][6]
Qazipathri operation
தொகு | இக் section விக்கிப்பீடியாவின் கலைக்களஞ்சியம் போன்ற தோற்றத்தில் இல்லை. (October 2024) |
,_the_award_received_by_his_wife.jpg)
On 25 April 2014, Mukund led a cordon and search operation in a village in South Kashmir, based on intelligence inputs regarding the presence of militants. During the operation, his team came under heavy fire. Mukund quickly responded, aware that the cover of darkness could allow the militants to escape. Since the number of civilians inside the house was unclear, the use of heavy-caliber weapons was not an option. Along with Sepoy Vikram Singh, Mukund crawled through the orchard in front of the house, avoiding gunfire. After successfully crossing the orchard, they entered the house, where they were met with intense firing, and Mukund was grazed by a bullet on his forearm. The two soldiers swiftly retaliated, killing one of the militants. Mukund identified that the militant commander they were searching for was not among the dead. The remaining two militants, including a senior commander of Hizbul Mujahideen, attempted to escape using grenade explosions. Mukund and Singh took cover to avoid injury. In the chaos, Mukund recognized the senior commander among the fleeing militants as they made their way to the nearby outhouse.
Vikram Singh and his comrade approached the cement outhouse, believing that a grenade deployed moments earlier had neutralized the threat inside. However, as they stormed the structure, a sudden volley of gunfire hit Vikram. It became clear that while the grenade had indeed killed one individual, another remained. The commander, who had fled from the debris of a nearby residence, had not been alone. The second individual had been killed by the grenade, but the commander, Asif Wani, survived.
As the rounds of fire were exchanged, Wani, shielded by a row of logs inside the outhouse, continued to fire from his confined position. Vikram Singh, having taken two bullets—one to the neck and another to the jaw—collapsed. His comrade, Mukund, understood the severity of the wounds and realized that Vikram's life was at risk. Despite the gravity of the situation, there was no time for hesitation. Mukund immediately advanced, firing his AK-47 at Asif Wani, fatally wounding him.
Though some of Asif Wani's shots hit Mukund in the process, he initially appeared unharmed as he emerged from the outhouse. An officer in the surrounding cordon noted, "He looked okay. We thought he was fine." But shortly after, Mukund collapsed, having sustained three gunshot wounds. He lost consciousness and, despite efforts to evacuate him, succumbed to his injuries.[13][14][15]
For his actions during the operation, he was posthumously awarded the Ashok Chakra, India's highest peacetime gallantry award in 2014, for displaying valor beyond the call of duty.[13] The citation by the Government of India during the declaration of the Ashok Chakra read:[2]
During the operation, before attaining martyrdom, Major Mukund displayed exemplary leadership skills, raw courage, planning and swift action, which culminated in the elimination of the three top ranked Hizbul Mujaheddin terrorists.
Mukund is the fourth recipient of the Ashoka Chakra from the state of Tamil Nadu.
On June 1, 2015, a bust of Major Mukund Varadarajan was unveiled in honor of his patriotism and sacrifice. It is displayed at the Officers Training Academy.[16]
பதவிகளும் தேதியும்
தொகு| பதவிச் சின்னம் | பதவி | பணி | பதவியின் தேதி |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
லெப்டினண்ட் | இந்திய இராணுவம் | 18 மார்ச் 2006 |
 |
கேப்டன் | இந்திய இராணுவம் | 18 அக்டோபர் 2008 |
 |
மேஜர் | இந்திய இராணுவம் | 18 அக்டோபர் 2012 |
Legacy
தொகுA bust of Major Mukund was unveiled by his Wife Indu Verghese at Rajput Regiment.[17] Mukund's family also unveiled a statue of him at Officers Training Academy, Chennai.[18]
The 2015 Malayalam-language anti-war film Picket 43 was dedicated as a tribute to Major Varadarajan,[19] who had been assisting the film crew during production. However, he was killed in combat with militants in the Shopian area while filming was underway in Jammu and Kashmir.[20] In 2024, a Tamil biopic, Amaran, was announced. It is based on Mukund's life and the 44 Rashtriya Rifles' fight against terrorism. Sivakarthikeyan portrayed Major Mukund Varadarajan and his wife Indu Rebecca Varghese was played by Sai Pallavi.[21][22][23][24][25]
References
தொகு- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Tambaram mourns a braveheart". The Hindu. 27 April 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tambaram-mourns-a-braveheart/article5951633.ece.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "மேஜர் முகுந்த் வரதராஜன் யார்? அவரது கடைசி தருணம் எப்படி இருந்தது?". https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cdd092qlglpo.
- ↑ "Major Mukund spouse:Indhu Rebecca Varadharajan's final journey". The Hindu. 28 April 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/major-mukund-varadharajans-final-journey/article5957128.ece#im-image-6.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "'Love my son… I am proud of him… I miss him'". 28 ஏப்பிரல் 2014.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "அமரன்: மேஜர் முகுந்த் வரதராஜன் யார்? அவரது கடைசி தருணம் எப்படி இருந்தது?". BBC News தமிழ். 30 அக்டோபர் 2024. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 3 நவம்பர் 2024.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Major Worked at BPO Before Realising Childhood Dream". The New Indian Express. 27 April 2014 இம் மூலத்தில் இருந்து 28 April 2014 அன்று. பரணிடப்பட்டது.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140428215359/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Major-Worked-at-BPO-Before-Realising-Childhood-Dream/2014/04/27/article2191625.ece.
- ↑ "'India Should See The Man Mukund Was, Not My Sorrow': Martyr's Wife to NDTV". NDTV. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 31 சனவரி 2015.
- ↑ "Major Mukund Varadarajan cremated with full military honours in Chennai". The Times of India. 29 April 2014. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Major-Mukund-Varadarajan-cremated-with-full-military-honours-in-Chennai/articleshow/34347210.cms.
- ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 21 April 2007. p. 625. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2007/W_16_2011_060.pdf.
- ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 11 June 2011. p. 1101. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/W_24_2011_088.pdf.
- ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 3 September 2011. p. 1622. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/W_36_2011_098.pdf.
- ↑ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 13 July 2013. p. 1058. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/W_28_2013_322.pdf.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "For Gallantry". 14 ஆகத்து 2014. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 16 ஆகத்து 2014.
- ↑ "Major Mukund Varadarajan Awarded Ashok Chakra, the Highest Gallantry Award". NDTV. 14 August 2014. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/major-mukund-varadarajan-awarded-ashok-chakra-the-highest-gallantry-award-576105.
- ↑ "Independence Day Gallantry Awards and Other Decorations". PIB. 14 August 2014. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108722.
- ↑ Desk, OneIndia Defence (1 சூன் 2015). "Bust in memory of Major Mukund; Capt Kalia a forgotten hero". Oneindia (in ஆங்கிலம்). பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 17 பெப்பிரவரி 2020.
- ↑ "जम्मू के शोपियन जिले में आतंकियों से मोर्चा लेते हुए शहीद हुए आरआरसी के मेजर मुकुंद वरदराजन की प्रतिमा का अनावरण शनिवार को राजपूत रेजीमेंट में उनकी पत्नी इंदू वरदराजन ने किया।". Amar Ujala. https://www.amarujala.com/amp/uttar-pradesh/farrukhabad/the-unveiled-the-of-the-statue-of-martyr-major-mukund-varadarajan-hindi-news.
- ↑ "Major Mukund Varadarajan's bust unveiled at Officers Training Academy". Mathrubhumi. https://www.google.com/english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/india/major-mukund-varadarajan-s-bust-unveiled-at-officers-training-academy-1.263833.
- ↑ Ramachandran, Mythily (11 February 2015). "'Picket 43,' a tale of friendship beyond borders". Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/picket-43-a-tale-of-friendship-beyond-borders-1.1454497.
- ↑ Karthikeyan, Shruti (1 July 2014). "I have fought and killed people, but fighting is not a solution: Major Ravi". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-have-fought-and-killed-people-but-fighting-is-not-a-solution-major-ravi/articleshow/37526599.cms.
- ↑ Bureau, The Hindu (2024-02-16). "'Amaran' teaser: Sivakarthikeyan as Major Mukund Varadarajan prepares his men for battle" (in en-IN). The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amaran-teaser-sivakarthikeyan-as-major-mukund-varadarajan-prepares-his-men-for-battle/article67853675.ece.
- ↑ "Amaran: Sivakarthikeyan's title teaser & all about Major Mukund Varadarajan". www.moviecrow.com. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 17 பெப்பிரவரி 2024.
- ↑ "Kamal Haasan unveils Sivakarthikeyan's 'Amaran' teaser ahead of his birthday". India Today (in ஆங்கிலம்). 16 பெப்பிரவரி 2024. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 17 பெப்பிரவரி 2024.
- ↑ "Sivakarthikeyan Plays Real Life Hero Major Mukund Varadarajan In His Next Film Amaran". TimesNow (in ஆங்கிலம்). 16 பெப்பிரவரி 2024. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 17 பெப்பிரவரி 2024.
- ↑ "SK21 titled Amaran: Sivakarthikeyan says 'honored to have portrayed Major Mukund Varadarajan' as he unveils first teaser". PINKVILLA (in ஆங்கிலம்). 16 பெப்பிரவரி 2024. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் 17 பெப்பிரவரி 2024.